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BUILDING 
ORDINANCE 


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Agric .  -  Forestry .  Maim  Library 


FOREWORD 

Because  of  continued  and  urgent  demand  for  ordinances  af- 
fecting or  relating  to  fire  limits  and  the  construction,  alteration  or 
repair  of  buildings  in  communities  of  thirty  thousand  persons  and 
less  and  because  a  thorough  canvass  of  the  field  has  disclosed  the 
fact  that  there  are  more  than  a  thousand  such  cities  in  the  United 
States  without  any  building  regulations,  this  hand  book  of  ordi- 
nances has  been  compiled. 

It  is  intended  to  serve  as  a  reasonable  regulation  of  ordinary 
building  construction  where  congestion  is  not  abnormal  but  does 
not  constitute  a  building  code  in  the  general  sense  of  the  word. 
However,  it  should  prove  a  reliable  guide  for  safe  construction 
legislation  pending  the  natural  growth  of  the  community  and  the 
resultant  economic  and  consequently  larger  use  of  building 
materials. 

It  will  be  found  necessary,  from,  time  to  time,  to  make  addi- 
tions and  revisions  to  meet  changing  conditions.  Furthermore, 
because  it  is  impracticable  to  draft  a  code  suitable  for  adoption, 
without  change,  by  all  communities,  it  will  no  doubt  be  necessary 
before  adoption  to  make  such  changes  and  revisions  as  will  best 
suit  local  conditions,  and  comply  with  existing  state,  building  or 
housing  laws. 

The  matter  appearing  in  the  appendix,  is  of  an  educational 
and  explanatory  nature  and  will  be  found  generally  useful  in  con- 
nection with  the  construction  and  maintenance  of  buildings. 
These  items  may  be  used  in  connection  with  the  ordinance  if 
deemed  advisable  by  the  city  authorities. 

In  presenting  this  work  we  wish  to  acknowledge  the  assist- 
ance of  many  Engineers  and  Architects,  whose  contribution  and 
constructive  criticism  have  added  much  to  the  value  of  the  mate- 
rial herein. 

ARCHITECTURAL  AND  BUILDING  CODE  SERVICE, 

NATIONAL  LUMBER  MANUFACTURERS  ASSOCIATION, 

CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS 


This  Copy  Belongs  to 

Agric .  -  Forestry .  M  aim  Library 


BUILDING  ORDINANCE 


OF 


THE  CITY  OF 


In  the  compilation  of  ordinances  containing 
such  a  number  of  interrelating  subjects,  it  is 
inevitable  that  errors  and  inconsistencies  oc- 
cur. The  Chief  Building  Inspector  will  wel- 
come your  service  in  bringing  any  errors  to  his 
attention. 


• .  -  i/orcbuy .  Maim 


CONTENTS 
See  also  index  page  56 
Part   1.      Administration 
Fire-limits 
Permit 

Duties  of  Enforcing  Officer 
Penalty 

Conflicting  Ordinances  Repealed 
Date  of  Effect 
Definitions 

Part  2.      Special  Requirements 
Walls 
Cornices 

Wooden  Structures  Within  Fire  Limits 
Walls — Thickness  of  and  Material  Used. 
Bearing  Capacity  of  Soils 
Live  Load  on  Floors 
Roofs  Within  Fire  Limits 
Part  3.      Materials 

Masonry  Construction 
Hollow  Building  Blocks 
Concrete  Construction 
Quality  of  Structural  Timber 
Roof  Coverings 

Part  4.      Classification  of  Construction 
Safety  of  Design 
Limit  of  Heights  and  Areas 
Frame  Construction 

Definition 

Heights  and  Areas 

Distance  from  Lot  Line  and  Other  Buildings 

Rows  of  Frame  Dwellings 

Posts  and  Girders 


JN^  ORDINANCE 


Ordinary  Construction 

Definition 

Posts  and  Girders 

Beams 

Floors  and  Bridging 
Mill  Construction 

Definition 

Stresses  for  Structural  Timbers 
Fire  Resistive  Construction 

Definition 

Top  Flooring 

Doors,  Windows  and  Trim 

Partitions 

Skeleton  Construction 
Part  5.      Equipment 

Chimneys  and  Fireplaces 
Vent  Flues 

Light,  Vent  and  Dumb  Waiter  Shafts 
Stairway  and  Elevator  Shafts 
Floor  Lights 
Skylights 
Roof  Openings 
Area  Ways 
Electrical  Installations 
Part  6.      Fire  Prevention 
Fire  Stops 

Wooden  Beams,  etc. 
Protection  of  Wall  Openings 
Exits  Required 

Smoke  Pipes,  Hot  Air  Pipes  and  Registers 
Stoves  and  Ranges 
Steam  and  Hot  Water  Pipes 
Dry  Rooms 

Heating  Furnaces  and  Appliances 
Gas 


AN  ORDINANCE  PROVIDING  FOR  THE  FIRE  LIMITS 
AND  THE  CONSTRUCTION  AND  EQUIP- 
MENT OF  BUILDINGS. 

Be  it  ordained  by  the  of  the 

of  as  follows: 

PART  I. 
ADMINISTRATION. 

SECTION   1.     FIRE  LIMITS.     The  following  shall  be  and 
hereby  are  declared  to  be  the  fire  limits:     Beginning  at 


Insert  here  boundary  of  the  fire  limits,  which  shall  include  the 
business  district,  manufacturing  sections,  any  mercantile  section, 
and  any  other  congested  building  area  regardless  of  occupancy. 


to  the  point  of  beginning. 


BUILDING  ORDINANCE 


SECTION  2.  PERMIT  REQUIRED.  No  wall,  structure, 
building  or  part  thereof,  shall  hereafter  be  built,  enlarged,  or  altered, 
until  a  plan  of  the  proposed  work  together  with  a  statement  of  the 
materials  to  be  used,  shall  have  beeen  submitted  to  the  Chief  Building  In- 
spector or  other  designated  official,  who  shall,  if  in  accordance  with 
the  provisions  herein  contained,  issue  a  permit  for  the  proposed  con- 
struction. 

Structures  hereafter  erected  without  permit,  or  not  in  conformity 
with  this  ordinance,  shall  be  removed. 

No  building  shall  be  moved  until  a  permit  has  been  obtained  from 
the  designated  official;  and  such  official  shall  not  issue  such  permit  if  in 
his  judgment  the  proposed  new  location  of  the  building  would  seriously 
increase  the  fire  hazard  of  the  surrounding  buildings. 

Building  permits  shall  be  issued  upon  payment  of  fees  as  follows: 
25  cents  for  work  costing  $1  00.00  or  less,  $1 .00  for  work  costing  over 
$100.00  and  not  to  exceed  $1,000.00;  for  work  costing  more  than 
$1,000.00,  $1.00  for  each  $1,000.00  or  fraction  thereof.  Each 
building  must  have  a  separate  permit. 

Fees  for  permits  for  moving  buildings  or  other  objects  that  may 
obstruct  the  streets  or  sidewalks  or  spoil  the  use  of  machinery  of  any 
kind,  shall  be  $1.00  for  each  building  or  every  object  so  moved. 

Each  building  permit  shall  recite  this  section. 

SECTION  3.  DUTIES  OF  ENFORCING  OFFICER.*  The 
Chief  Building  Inspector  is  hereby  authorized  and  empowered: 

First:  To  enforce  all  ordinances  relating  to  the  construction,  equip- 
ment, management  and  condition  of  all  property  within  said  city; 

Second:  To  supervise  the  construction  or  reconstruction  of  all 
buildings ; 


*  The  enforcement  of  this  ordinance  is  properly  the  duty  of  the 
Building  Department.  In  a  municipality  not  having  such  a  department, 
the  duties  can  most  advantageoously  be  performed  by  the  Chief  of  the 
Fire  Department. 


ADMINISTRATION  7 

Third:  To  report  monthly  to  the  Mayor  or  Council  regarding 
the  condition  of  the  city  on  all  matters  pertaining  to  fire  prevention. 

SECTION  4.  PENALTY  FOR  VIOLATIONS.  Any  and 
all  persons  who  shall  violate  any  of  provisions  of  this  ordinance  or  fail 
to  comply  therewith,  or  who  shall  violate  or  fail  to  comply  with  any 
order  or  regulation  made  thereunder;  or  who  shall  build  in  violation  of 
any  detailed  statement  of  specifications  or  plans  submitted  and  approved 
thereunder ;  or  any  certificate  or  permit  issued  thereunder ;  shall  severally 
for  each  and  every  such  violation  and  noncompliance  respectively,  forfeit 
and  pay  a  penalty  in  the  sum  of  twenty-five  dollars.  The  imposition  of 
one  penalty  for  any  violation  of  this  ordinance  shall  not  excuse  the  vio- 
lation, or  permit  it  to  continue;  and  all  such  persons  shall  be  required  to 
correct  or  remedy  such  violations  or  defects  witljin  a  reasonable  time; 
and  when  not  otherwise  specified  each  ten  days  that  prohibited  condi- 
tions are  maintained,  shall  constitute  a  separate  offense. 

The  application  of  the  above  penalty  shall  not  be  held  to  prevent 
the  enforced  removal  of  prohibited  conditions,  as  provided  in  Section  2 
of  this  ordinance. 

SECTION  5.  CONFLICTING  ORDINANCES  RE- 
PEALED. All  ordinances  and  parts  of  ordinances  inconsistent  here- 
with are  hereby  repealed. 

SECTION  6.  DATE  OF  EFFECT.  This  ordinance  shall  take 
effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage  and  legal  publication. 

SECTION  7.     DEFINITIONS. 

Alley.  Any  public  thoroughfare  less  than  30  feet,  but  not  less 
than  16  feet  in  width.  Any  space  less  than  16  feet  wide  shall  be 
termed  a  "Court." 

Arearvay.  An  open  sub-surface  space  adjacent  to  a  building  for 
lighting  or  ventilating  cellars  or  basements. 

Basement.  A  story  partly,  but  not  more  than  one-half  below  the 
level  of  the  curb. 

Bearing  Wall  A  wall  which  supports  any  load  other  than  its 
own  weight. 


8  BUILDING  ORDINANCE 

Cellar.  A  story  whose  height  is  more  than  one-half  Selow  the 
level  of  the  curb.  It  shall  not  be  counted  as  a  story  in  determining  the 
height  of  the  building. 

Dead  Load.  The  weight  of  the  walls,  framing,  floors,  roofs,  tanks 
with  their  contents,  and  all  permanent  construction. 

Division  Wall.     Any  interior  wall  in  a  building. 

Dwelling.  A  residence  building,  designed  for,  or  used  as,  the 
home  or  residence  of  not  more  than  two  separate  and  distinct  families. 

Exterior  Wall.  Any  outside  wall,  or  vertical  enclosure  of  a  build- 
ing, other  than  a  party  wall. 

Fire  Door.  A  door,  frame,  and  sill  which  will  successfully  resist 
a  fire  for  one  hour  in  accordance  with  test  specifications  of  the  National 
Board  of  Fire  Underwriters,  and  has  been  approved  upon  such  test. 

Fireproof  Material.  The  term  "Fireproof  Material,"  as  herein 
used,  shall  include  only  incombustible,  fire  and  waterproofed  materials 
that  will  withstand  the  action  of  conflagration  without  serious  deforma- 
tion. Plastering,  unless  of  Portland  cement  mortar,  shall  not  be  con- 
sidered as  a  fireproof  covering.  Cinder  concrete  shall  not  be  used  as 
fireproofing. 

Fire  Shutter.  A  shutter  which  will  successfully  resist  a  fire  for 
one  hour  in  accordance  with  test  specifications  of  the  National  Board  of 
Fire  Underwriters  and  has  been  approved  upon  such  test. 

Fire  Wall.  The  term  "Fire  Wall"  indicates  a  wall  subdividing 
a  building  for  the  purpose  of  restricting  the  spread  of  fire. 

Fire  Window.  A  window  frame,  sash,  and  glazing  which  will 
successfully  resist  a  fire  for  one  hour  in  accordance  with  test  specifica- 
tions of  the  National  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters,  and  has  been  ap- 
proved upon  such  test.  No  single  pane  in  a  fire  window  shall  exceed 
720  square  inches. 

Foundation  Wall.  Any  wall  or  pier  built  below  the  curb  level 
or  nearest  tier  of  beams  to  that  level. 

Height  of  buildings  or  structures  shall  be  measured  from  the  curb 
level  at  the  center  of  the  front  of  the  building  to  the  top  of  the  highest 
point  of  the  roof,  in  case  of  flat  roofs,  and  for  pitched  roofs,  one- 


ADMINISTRATION 

half  the  height  of  the  highest  gable  shall  be  taken  as  the  highest  point 
of  the  building.  When  the  walls  of  a  building  or  structure  do  not 
adjoin  the  street,  then  the  average  level  of  the  ground  adjoining  the 
walls  of  the  building  or  structure  may  be  taken,  instead  of  the  street 
curb  level,  in  measuring  the  height  of  such  building  or  structure. 

Incombustible.  Materials  or  construction  which  will  not  ignite  and 
burn  when  subjected  to  fire. 

Live  Load.  All  loads  other  than  dead  loads.  All  partitions 
which  are  subject  to  removal  or  rearrangement  shall  be  considered  as 
live  load. 

Party  Wall.  A  wall  used  or  adapted  for  joint  service  between 
two  buildings. 

Residence.  Residence  buildings  shall  be  construed  to  mean  and 
include  all  buildings  in  which  sleeping  accommodations  (other  than 
for  janitor  or  watchman)  are  provided. 

Shed.  A  roofed  structure,  open  on  one  or  more  sides,  which  does 
not  exceed  15  feet  in  height  nor  more  than  500  square  feet  in  area. 

Sfylight.  Any  cover  or  enclosure  placed  above  roof  openings  for 
the  admission  of  light. 

Story.  That  part  of  any  building  comprised  between  any  floor 
and  the  floor  or  roof  next  above.  In  case  any  floor  or  the  combined 
area  of  floors  at  any  one  level  extends  over  less  than  20  per  cent,  of 
the  horizontal  area  included  within  the  outside  walls  at  that  level,  the 
same  shall  not  be  considered  as  a  floor  for  the  purpose  of  determining 
story  heights. 

Street.     Any  public  thoroughfare  30  feet  or  more  in  width. 

Structure.  Includes  the  terms  building,  appurtenance,  wall,  plat- 
form, staging,  or  flooring  used  for  standing  or  seating  purposes;  a  shed, 
fence,  sign,  or  billboard  on  public  or  private  property,  or  on,  above 
or  below  a  public  highway. 


10 


PART  II. 
SPECIAL  REQUIREMENTS. 

SECTION  8.  INCOMBUSTIBLE  WALLS,  CORNICES, 
AND  ROOFS,  REQUIRED  WITHIN  FIRE  LIMITS.  Every 
building  hereafter  erected  or  enlarged  within  the  fire  limits,  shall  be 
enclosed  on  all  sides  with  walls  constructed  wholly  of  stone,  brick,  terra 
cotta,  concrete,  or  other  incombustible  materials;  and  shall  have  the 
roof,  including  roof  of  dormer  windows,  covered  with  incombustible 
material. 

SECTION  9.  CORNICES,  GUTTERS  AND  PROJEC- 
TIONS. On  all  buildings  hereafter  erected  within  the  fire  limits,  the 
exterior  cornices,  inclusive  of  those  on  show  windows  shall  be  of  some 
fireproof  material  and  shall  be  secured  to  the  wall  with  iron  anchors. 

All  exterior  wooden  cornices  within  the  fire  limits  that  are  now, 
or  may  hereafter  become  unsafe,  shall  be  taken  down  and  replaced,  and 
shall  be  constructed  of  some  fireproof  material. 

All  exterior  cornices  or  gutters  of  wood  within  the  fire  limits  that 
may  hereafter  be  damaged  by  fire  to  the  extent  of  one-half  shall  be 
taken  down  and  if  replaced,  shall  be  constructed  of  some  fireproof  ma- 
terial, but  if  not  damaged  to  the  extent  of  one-half,  may  be  repaired 
with  the  kind  of  material  of  which  they  were  originally  constructed. 

Cornices  or  gutters  of  wood  shall  not  be  permitted  on  any  build- 
ing within  or  without  the  fire  limits,  exceeding  55  feet  in  height. 

When  buildings  permitting  combustible  cornices  or  gutters  are 
erected  in  rows,  the  cornices  and  gutters  shall  be  fire-stopped  with  in- 
combustible material  between  each  building. 

SECTION  1 0.  PERMISSIBLE  WOODEN  STRUCTURES 
WITHIN  FIRE  LIMITS.  No  frame  or  wooden  structure  shall  here- 
after be  built  within  the  fire  limits  as  given  herein,  or  as  they  may  here- 
after be  established,  except  the  following,  and  all  roofs  placed  upon  such 
buildings  or  structures  shall  have  a  fire-resistive  covering: 


SPECIAL  REQUIREMENTS  11 

(a)  Temporary  one-story  frame  buildings  for  use  of  builders; 

(b)  One-story  sheds  open  on  the  long  side,  not  over    15    feet 
high,  with  sides  covered  with  incombustible  material,  and  with  an  area 
not  exceeding  500  square  feet.      A  wooden   fence  shall  not  be  used 
to  form  the  back  or  side  of  such  sheds; 

(c)  Wooden  fences  not  over  10  feet  high; 

(d)  Piazzas  or  balconies  which  do  not  exceed  8  feet  in  width 
and  which  do   not  extend  more  than   3   feet   above   the   second  story 
floor  beams  may  be  erected  of  wood   on  buildings  other  than   frame 
buildings.      On  buildings  in  rows  or  connected  buildings  such  piazzas 
or  balconies  may  be  built  provided  same  are  open  on  the  front  and  have 
ends  of  incombustible  material  carried  up  above  the  roof  and   coped 
with  incombustible  material. 

(e)  Bay  windows  when  covered  with  incombustible  material; 

(f)  Small  outhouses  not  exceeding  150  square  feet  in  area  and 
8  feet  in  height; 

(g)  Grain  elevators,  coal  pockets,  or  ice  houses  shall  be  limited 
as  prescribed  in  Section  24  of  this  Ordinance. 

No  frame  building  shall  be  moved  from  without  to  within  the  fire 
limits. 

Wooden  sheds  or  outhouses  shall  not  be  located  within  5  feet 
of  any  lot  line,  nor  less  than  30  feet  from  any  other  building  over  one 
story  high; 

SECTION  11.  REPAIRING  FRAME  BUILDINGS 
WITHIN  FIRE  LIMITS.  Any  existing  frame  building  within  the 
fire  limits,  which  may  hereafter  be  damaged  by  fire,  or  otherwise,  to 
an  amount  greater  than  one-half  of  its  present  value,  exclusive  of  the 
foundation,  shall  not  be  repaired  or  rebuilt,  but  shall  be  removed. 

SECTION  12.  BUILDINGS  HAVING  PROHIBITED  OC- 
CUPANCIES WITHIN  FIRE  LIMITS.  No  building  shall  be 
used  for  a  public  garage,  coffee  roaster,  bakery,  or  dry  cleaning  estab- 
lishment, within  the  fire  limits,  unless  it  be  of  fire-resistive  construction. 


12  BUILDING  ORDINANCE 

SECTION  1 3.  WALLS.  All  exterior,  or  division  walls  of 
buildings  hereafter  erected,  shall  be  of  sufficient  thickness  to  support 
the  load  to  be  carried  but  in  no  case  shall  a  brick,  stone,  concrete,  or 
hollow  block  wall  be  less  than  1 2  inches  thick. 

Walls,  excepting  party  and  fire  walls,  for  all  buildings  other 
than  dwellings,  not  exceeding  five  stories  or  65  feet  in  height,  shall 
have  the  upper  two  stories  not  less  than  12  inches  thick,  increasing 
4  inches  in  thickness  for  each  two  stories  or  fraction  thereof  below.  For 
such  buildings  in  excess  of  five  stories,  but  not  exceeding  ten  stories 
or  125  feet  in  height,  the  top  story  shall  be  not  less  than  1 2  inches 
thick,  increasing  4  inches  in  thickness  for  each  two  stories  or  fraction 
thereof  below.  No  two-story  increment  shall  exceed  30  feet  in  height. 

For  all  walls  of  buildings  used  as  dwellings,  the  upper  three  stories 
shall  be  not  less  than  12  inches  thick,'  increasing  4  inches  in  thickness 
for  each  three  stories  or  fraction  thereof  below.  No  three-story  in- 
crement shall  exceed  45  feet  in  height. 

Walls  in  skeleton*  construction  shall  be  of  brick,  stone  or  gravel 
concrete,  or  hard  burned  terra  cotta.  They  shall  be  supported  by  girders 
at  each  story,  shall  be  laid  in  Portland  cement  mortar,  and  shall  be  not 
less  than  12  inches  thick. 

In  all  buildings,  except  dwellings,  frame  buildings,  and  skeleton 
construction,  party  walls  and  fire  walls  which  serve  as  bearing  walls 
on  both  sides,  shall  be  not  less  than  1  6  inches  thick  in  the  upper  two 
stories  or  upper  30  feet,  increasing  4  inches  in  thickness  for  each  two 
stories  or  fraction  thereof  below.  All  other  fire  walls  shall  be  not 
less  than  1  6  inches  thick  in  the  upper  four  stories  or  upper  5  0  feet,  in- 
creasing 4  inches  in  thickness  for  each  two  stories  or  fraction  thereof 
below.  No  two-story  increment  shall  exceed  30  feet  in  height. 
Portland  cement  mortar  only  shall  be  used  in  such  walls. 

Reinforced  stone  or  gravelf  concrete  walls  with  steel  reinforce- 
ment running  both  horizontally  and  vertically  and  weighing  not  less 

*  NOTE.— See  Section  27. 

t  NOTE. — Silicious  gravel  as  a  coarse  aggregate  for  reinforced  con- 
crete or  fireproofing  should  not  be  used  in  portions  of  a  building  liable 
to  be  subjected  to  fire. 


SPECIAL  REQUIREMENTS  13 

than  one-half  pound  per  square   foot  of  wall,   may  have  a  thickness 
4  inches  less  than  that  prescribed  for  brick  walls. 

Stone  walls  shall  be  4  inches  thicker  than  required  for  brick  walls. 

BEARING  POWER  OF  SOILS. 

Rock 1 0  to  200    tons  per  sq.    ft. 

Gravel,  compacted 8  to  10 

Sand,    clean   and   compact    4   to  6 

Clay  on  thick  beds,  always  dry 4  to  6 

Clay  on  thick  beds,  moderately  dry.  .  .  2   to  4 

Sand,  clean  and  dry 2   to  4 

|->v  1  1  f)  »»»»»»»» 

Dry   earth    1    to        2 

All  exterior  and  division  or  party  walls  over  one  story  high,  shall 
extend  the  full  thickness  of  top  story  to  at  least  2  feet  above  the 
roof  as  a  parapet  and  be  properly  coped,  excepting  walls  which  face 
on  a  street  and  are  finished  with  incombustible  cornices,  gutters,  or 
crown  mouldings,  excepting  also  the  walls  of  detached  private  dwellings 
with  peaked  or  hipped  roofs.  The  parapet  walls  of  warehouses  and 
all  manufacturing  or  commercial  buildings  shall  extend  3  feet  above 
the  roof.  Fire  walls  shall  be  continuous  from  foundation  to  3  feet 
above  roof  level,  and  be  coped,  except  in  fire-resistive  buildings  fire  walls 
need  not  be  continuous  in  all  stories  nor  need  they  extend  above  the 
roof  if  a  tight  joint  be  made  between  the  roof  construction  and  walls. 

All  walls  and  partitions  in  schools,  hospitals  and  places  of  pub- 
lic assemblage,  over  one  story  high,  and  all  walls  and  partitions  in 
theaters,  shall  hereafter  be  built  of  brick,  stone,  hollow  or  solid  blocks, 
or  metal  lath  and  Portland  cement  plaster  on  metal  studding,  or  other 
equivalent  incombustible  construction. 

The  foundation  walls  of  all  buildings  over  two  stories  in  height 
shall  be  4  inches  thicker  from  footing  to  grade  than  required  for  the 
remainder  of  the  wall. 


14 


BUILDING  ORDINANCE 


L^ 
U    80d 


J 


SECTION  14.    WOODEN  COLUMNS: 

FORMULA    FOR    DETERMINING    SAFE    LOADS    FOR 
TIMBER  COLUMNS.      (Winslow  Formula.) 
Unit  Stress  on  Columns 
Safe  Load  in  Pounds,  per 
Square  Inch  of  Column 

Cross  Section. 
Cross  Section  in  pounds 

per  square  inch. 

c^Allowable  working  compressive  strength  of  timber  in  pounds 
per  square  inch  with  the  grain. 

L=Unsupported  length  of  post  or  column  in  inches. 
d=Least  dimension  of  post  in  inches. 
SECTION  15.    FLOOR  LOADS: 
TABLE  OF  ALLOWABLE  LIVE  LOADS  ON  FLOORS 

Dwellings,  tenements  and  flats 50  IBs. 

Hotels,  lodging  houses,  schools  with  fixed  decks 60  Ibs. 

Office  buildings  above  first  floor    75  Ibs. 

Office  buildings,  first  floor   . 120  Ibs. 

Churches,  theaters,  halls  with  fixed  seats 90  Ibs. 

Dancing  rooms,  corridors  and  public  hotels 120  Ibs. 

Drill    rooms    150  Ibs. 

Stores,  light  manufacturing  and  storage    125  Ibs. 

Heavy  manufacturing    1  75  Ibs. 

Heavy   storage    200  Ibs. 

SECTION  1 6.  ROOF  COVERING.  Every  building  hereafter 
erected  within  the  fire  limits  shall  have  an  incombustible  roof  covering, 
as  prescribed  in  Section  2 1 ,  and  existing  shingle  roofs  within  the  fire 
limits,  if  damaged  more  than  25  per  cent,  shall  be  renewed  with  in- 
combustible roof  covering,  but  if  damaged  less  than  25  per  cent,  may  be 
repaired  with  wooden  shingles. 


15 

PART  III. 
MATERIALS. 

SECTION  1  7.  MASONRY  CONSTRUCTION.  The  follow- 
ing unit  compressive  stresses  (pounds  per  square  inch)  shall  not  be 
exceeded : 

Lime  and 

Kind  of  Mortar  Lime     Portland        Portland 

1  :3       Cement          Cement 

!/2:'/2:3 
Standard  common  brick  (crushing  strength 

1,800)     100         125  175 

Hard   or   Select   brick    (crushing   strength 

3,000)     150         180  270 

Rubble,  well  bonded 80  100  150 

Hollow    tile    or    concrete    blocks,     gross 

area 60 

For  any  other  type  of  masonry  the  unit  stress  shall  be  calculated 
on  the  basis  of  a  factor  of  safety  of  10  or  more  in  accordance  with 
standard  practice. 

SECTION  18.  HOLLOW  BUILDING  BLOCKS.  In  buildings 
not  more  than  40  feet  high,  hollow  tile  or  concrete  blocks  may  be  used 
for  outside  walls  and  inside  bearing  walls,  as  well  as  for  non-bearing 
partitions.  Such  blocks  (except  for  non-bearing  partitions)  shall  have 
an  ultimate  compressive  strength  of  not  less  than  700  pounds  per  sq. 
in.  of  gross  area.  In  computing  the  gross  area,  no  deduction  shall 
be  made  for  hollow  spaces.  See  Note. 

NOTE. — Hollow  tile  should  be  of  shape  and  material  especially 
suitable  for  outside  walls  and  should  have  undergone  tests  to  prove  its 
fire  and  weather  resisting  qualities ;  such  walls  should  be  further  protected 
with  24  inch  of  cement  plaster  on  the  outside.  Concrete  blocks  should  be 
made  of  good  coarse  aggregate,  with  at  least  15  per  cent  of  good  Port- 
land cement,  properly  mixed,  moulded,  and  cured.  With  fine  sand 
more  cement  is  necessary.  Hollow  tile  or  concrete  blocks  of  inferior 
quality  will  often  not  withstand  weather  or  fire  and  should  not  be  used 
for  outside  or  bearing  walls. 


16  BUILDING  ORDINANCE 

The  hollow  spaces  shall  not  exceed  55  per  cent  in  the  case  of 
terra  cotta  or  clay  tile,  or  33  per  cent  in  the  case  of  concrete  Blocks; 
except  that  in  clay  tile  used  in  one-story  buildings  the  hollow  spaces 
shall  not  exceed  60  per  cent.  The  absorption  shall  not  exceed  12  per 
cent  in  48  hours. 

See  Note  1 . 

Such  walls  shall  be  laid  in  Portland  cement  mortar.  The  thick- 
ness of  such  walls  shall  be  the  same  as  required  for  brick  walls,  but 
no  such  wall  shall  be  higher  than  1  5  times  its  thickness. 

Brick  facing  may  be  considered  as  part  of  hollow  tile  or  con- 
crete block  wall  (or  vice  versa)  if  the  two  materials  are  properly 
'bonded  with  header  courses  of  brick  not  farther  apart  than  every  sixth 
course. 

See  Note  2. 

REINFORCED  CONCRETE  CONSTRUCTION. 

SECTION  19.  DEFINITION.  The  term  "reinforced  con- 
crete" in  this  Ordinance  shall  mean  an  approved  concrete  mixture  in 
which  steel  is  embedded  in  such  a  manner  as  to  resist  all  tensile  stresses 
and  to  add  rigidity  and  strength  to  concrete  in  compression. 

Reinforced  concrete  will  be  approved  for  all  types  of  building 
construction,  provided  the  design  conforms  with  good  engineering  prac- 
tice, as  set  forth  in  the  report  of  the  Joint  Committee  on  Concrete  and 
Reinforced  Concrete  as  published  by  the  American  Society  for  Testing 
Materials.  The  construction  shall  meet  the  requirements  of  this 
Ordinance  in  all  respects. 

PLANS  AND  SPECIFICATIONS  TO  BE  FILED. 
The  plans  and  specifications  to  be  filed  with  the  Chief  Building 
Inspector    shall    be     accompanied    by    stress     computations    and     de- 
scriptions  showing   the   general   arrangement  of  the   entire   construction 


NOTE  1. — A  list  of  hollow  tile  which  have  been  approved  may  be 
obtained  from  the  Chief  Building  Inspector. 

NOTE  2. — This  requires  a  size  of  tile  which  will  work  put  prop- 
erly with  the  brick  courses.  A  tile  12  inches  high  is  not  suitable  for 
bonding  with  brick  of  the  usual  size. 


MATERIALS  17 

in  all  important  details,  including  the  size,  length,  and  points  of  bend- 
ing of  all  reinforcement,  the  qualities,  proportions,  and  methods  of 
mixing  the  materials  used  in  the  concrete  and  the  dead  and  live  loads 
each  floor  is  designed  to  carry. 

All  such  plans  and  specifications  shall  be  signed  by  the  Architect, 
Engineer,  Contractor  or  person  applying  for  the  permit.  In  no  case 
shall  the  construction  deviate  from  the  approved  plans  and  specifica- 
tions except  by  written  consent  of  the  Chief  Building  Inspector. 

Concrete  for  reinforced  concrete  construction  shall  consist  of  a 
medium  wet  mixture  of  one  part  of  Portland  cement  to  not  more  than 
six  parts  of  aggregate,  fine  and  coarse,  in  such  proportions  as  to  pro- 
duce the  greatest  density. 

Inspection.  Every  reinforced  concrete  building  shall  be  erected 
under  the  constant  supervision  of  a  reputable  and  competent  inspector, 
furnished  by  the  Owner,  Architect,  or  Engineer,  and  acceptable  to  the 
Chief  Building  Inspector. 

SECTION  20.  QUALITY  OF  STRUCTURAL  TIMBER. 
All  timbers  and  wooden  beams  used  in  building  shall  be  of  good,  sound 
material,  free  from  rot,  large  and  loose  knots,  shakes  or  any  inperfec- 
tions  whereby  the  strength  may  be  impaired  and  of  such  size  and 
dimensions  as  the  purposes  for  which  such  building  is  intended  re- 
quire. 

SIZE  OF  TIMBERS. 

Whenever  the  size  of  a  timber  is  given  in  whole  numbers  such  as 
2x4,  2x6,  2x8,  etc.,  standard  commercial  or  nominal  sizes  are  meant, 
but  whenever  the  size  is  given  as  1  %\3%t  l^/gxS^,  1  ^x?}/^,  etc., 
actual  sizes  are  meant.  The  allowable  stresses  permitted  by  this 
Ordinance  are  to  be  based  on  the  actual  size  of  the  timbers  used. 

For  timber  four  (4)  inches  by  four  (4)  inches  and  larger,  the 
size  may  be  one-half  (J/£)  of  an  inch  less  for  each  dimension. 

SECTION  21.  ROOF  COVERINGS.  All  buildings  may  be 
covered  with  such  incombustible  material  as  brick,  concrete,  tile  or 
slate;  or  with  tin,  corrugated  or  galvanized  iron  with  standing  seam 


18  BUILDING  ORDINANCE 

or  lap  joints;  or  with  not  less  than  5  ply  built  up  roofing  of  felt,  with 
pitch  and  gravel  or  slag  surfaces  or  with  built  up  asbestos  roofing;  ov 
with  other  incombustible  roofing  approved  by  the  National  Board  of 
Fire  Underwriters. 

Roofs  with  a  slope  of  not  more  than  3  inches  per  foot  horizontal, 
may  be  covered  with  a  composition  of  felt,  with  pitch  and  gravel  or 
slag  surfaces. 

The  use  of  shingles  or  other  forms  of  combustible  roof  coverings 
erected  or  altered,  within  the  fire  limits,  is  prohibited  except  as  herein 
provided.  In  existing  frame  buildings  within  the  fire  limits,  not  more 
than  3  stories  high,  the  shingle  roofs  may  be  repaired  with  shingles 
or  other  materials  when  not  damaged  more  than  25  per  cent. 

A  layer  of  approved  deadening  felt  at  least  1-16  inch  thick 
shall  be  placed  between  metal  roofing  and  the  supporting  woodwork. 

The  wooden  planking  or  sheathing  of  roofs  shall  not  in  any  case 
be  extended  across  side  or  party  walls. 

All  flashing  shall  be  of  metal  properly  incorporated  with  the 
roofing  material. 

The  top  and  sides  of  dormer  windows  shall  be  protected  the 
same  as  herein  prescribed  for  the  roof. 


19 


PART  IV. 
CLASSIFICATION  OF  CONSTRUCTION. 

SECTION  22.  SAFETY  OF  DESIGN.  All  parts  of  every 
building  shall  be  designed  to  safely  carry  the  loads  to  be  imposed  there- 
on, and  shall  in  all  other  respects  conform  to  good  engineering  practice. 

SECTION  23.    LIMITS  OF  HEIGHTS  AND  AREAS. 

1 .  Heights  of  Buildings. 

No  building  hereafter  erected  or  altered  except  church  spires, 
water  towers,  smoke  stacks  or  chimneys,  shall  exceed  55  feet  in 
height,  unless  it  be  of  fire-resistive  or  Mill  construction.  Buildings 
of  fire-resistive  construction  shall  not  exceed  1 25  feet  in  height  and  those 
of  Mill  construction  shall  not  exceed  75  feet  in  height.  Except  as 
specified  in  Section  1 8,  no  building  hereafter  erected  having  walls  of 
hollow  terra  cotta  or  concrete  blocks  shall  exceed  40  feet  in  height. 

Maximum  height  of  frame  buildings  given  under  Section  24. 

2.  Allowable  Floor  Areas. 

In  every  building  of  the  character  named  in  this  section  the  max- 
imum area  of  any  floor  between  fire  walls  or  exterior  walls,  either  with 
or  without  a  f ulrautomatic  sprinkler  equipment,  shall  be  as  follows : 
Tenement  houses,  (non-fire  resistive)  3,000  sq.  ft. 


All  other  Ordinary  Construction. 


Fronting  on 

One  street 

Two  streets 

Three  or  more  streets 

Mill  Construction. 
Fronting    on 
One  street 
Two  streets 
Three  or  more  streets 
Fire-resistive  Construction. 
Buildings  or  structures 


Without  sprinklers 
5,000  sq.  ft. 
6,000  sq.  ft. 
7,500  sq.  ft. 

Without  sprinklers 
6,500  sq.ft. 
8,000  sq.  ft. 
1  0,000  sq.  ft. 


With  sprinklers 
increase  of  66%% 

8,333  sq.  ft. 

1  0,000  sq.  ft. 
12,500  sq.ft. 

With  sprinklers 

increase  of    100% 

1  3,000  sq.  ft. 

1  6,000  sq.  ft. 

20,000  sq.  ft. 


used  for  public  assemblages  or  in  which 


20  BUILDING  ORDINANCE 

people  may  be  housed  for  safety,  punishment,  observance  or  care,  resi- 
dence buildings,  light  and  power  stations  and  office  buildings,  shall 
not  be  restricted  as  to  area  when  of  fire-resistive  construction. 

Fire-resistive  construction  not  exceeding  75  feet  in  height. 

With  sprinkler 

Fronting  on  Without  sprinkler     increase  of  66%% 

One  street  1 0,000  sq.  ft.  1 6,666  sq.  ft. 

Two  streets  1 2,000  sq.  ft.  20,000  sq.  ft. 

Three  or  more  streets  1  5,000  sq.  ft.  25,000  sq.  ft. 

Fire-resistive  construction  not  exceeding  1 25  feet  in  height. 

With  sprinkler 

Fronting  on  Without  sprinkler     increase  of  50% 

One  street  7,500  sq.  ft.  1  1 ,250  sq.  ft. 

Two  streets  1 0,000  sq.  ft.  1 5,000  sq.  ft. 

Three   or  more   streets  12,500  sq.ft.  18,750  sq.ft. 

SECTION  24.  FRAME  CONSTRUCTION.  A  building 
having  the  exterior  walls  or  portions  thereof  of  wood;  also  a  building 
with  wooden  framework  veneered  with  brick,  stone,  terra  cotta,  or  con- 
crete, or  covered  with  plaster,  stucco,  or  sheet  metal,  shall  be  classed  as 
a  frame  building. 

No  frame  building  hereafter  erected  or  altered  shall  exceed  two 
stories  or  30  feet  in  height,  except  that  private  dwellings  may  be  three 
stories  or  40  feet  high. 

No  frame  building  hereafter  erected  for  any  occupancy  other 
than  grain  elevators,  coal  elevators  and  pockets,  ice  houses  and  ex- 
hibition buildings,  shall  cover  a  ground  area  exceeding  the  following: 
One-story  building  7,500  square  feet,  two-story  building  5,000  square 
feet.  Buildings  herein  excepted  shall  be  limited  in  area  as  prescribed 
for  buildings  of  Ordinary  Construction  under  Section  23  of  this  Ordi- 
nance. 

In  no  case  shall  a  frame  building  be  erected  within  5  feet  of  the 
side  or  rear  lot  line,  nor  within  1  0  feet  of  another  building,  unless  the 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  CONSTRUCTION  21 

space  between  the  studs  on  such  side  be  filled  solidly  with  not  less 
than  2J/2  inches  of  brickwork  or  other  incombustible  material.  See 
note. 

In  rows  of  frame  houses,  the  dividing  walls  or  partitions  between 
houses  shall  be  built  of  brick,  terra  cotta,  concrete  or  other  incombustible 
material;  or  they  may  be  built  with  4-inch  studs,  the  spaces  between 
them  filled  solidly  with  brickwork  laid  in  mortar,  or  with  other  incom- 
bustible material.  Such  dividing  partitions  shall  rest  on  masonry  walls 
and  shall  extend  to  under  side  of  roof  boards.  In  rows  of  more  than 
three  houses  every  alternate  division  wall  or  partition  shall  be  con- 
structed of  solid  brickwork  not  less  than  8  inches  in  thickness.  These 
walls  shall  be  solid,  without  openings  and  shall  extend  2  feet  above  the 
roof  and  be  coped. 

Timber  posts  and  girders  or  other  approved  supports  may  be 
used  in  cellars  of  frame  buildings. 

Outside  the  fire  limits,  when  any  building  is  to  be  erected  of 
brick.stone,  hollow  block,  or  concrete  that  could  under  this  ordinance 
be  constructed  of  wood,  the  Chief  Building  Inspector  is  hereby  auth- 
orized and  directed  to  allow  reasonable  modifications  of  this  Ordinance 
relating  to  brick  buildings,  in  consideration  of  the  use  of  incom- 
bustible material.  Such  modifications,  however,  shall  not  permit  var- 
iations from  the  requirements  of  Sections  31,  38  and  40  of  this 
Ordinance. 

SECTION  25.  ORDINARY  CONSTRUCTION.  A  build- 
ing having  masonry  walls,  with  floors  and  partitions  of  wooden  joist 
and  stud  construction.  The  supporting  posts  and  girders  may  be  of 
wood,  or  of  metal  protected  by  at  least  2  inches  of  metal  lath  anc! 
cement  plaster  or  its  equivalent.  Where  beams  are  supported  by  girders, 
the  girders  shall  be  anchored  to  the  walls  and  fastened  to  each  other 
by  steel  straps. 

The  ends  of  wood  beams  resting  upon  girders  shall  be  abutted 
together,  end  to  end,  and  strapped  by  steel  straps  of  the  same  size 


NOTE. — A  greater  distance  than  10  feet  between  frame  buildings  is  recom- 
nended  and  in  order  that  this  may  be  made  practicable,  building  lots  should  be  no 
558  than  40  feet  in  width. 


22  BUILDING  ORDINANCE 

and  distance  apart,  and  in  the  same  manner  as  the  wall  anchors,  or 
they  may  be  lapped  and  spiked  together. 

Each  tier  of  beams  running  parallel  to  enclosing  walls  shall 
have  approved  4-inch  anchor  straps  dovetailed  into  the  beams  diagonally, 
crossing  at  least  four  beams. 

No  wooden  floor  or  roof  beam  used  in  any  building  within  the 
fire  limits  shall  be  less  than  2%  inches  thick.  The  thickness  of  wooden 
beams  shall  not  be  less  than  2^g  inches  in  any  building  where  the 
floor  load  is  greater  than  60  pounds  per  square  foot. 

Every  wooden  beam,  except  header  and  tail  beams,  shall  have 
bearing  of  at  least  4  inches. 

The  ends  of  all  wooden  floor  and  roof  beams,  which  rest  on  walls, 
shall  be  cut  to  a  bevel  of  3  inches  in  their  depth. 

Neither  end  of  a  floor  or  roof  beam  shall  be  supported  on  stud 
partitions,  except  in  frame  buildings. 

All  wooden  floor  and  roof  beams  shall  be  properly  braced  with 
cross  bridging.  The  distance  between  bridging  or  between  bridging 
and  bearing  shall  not  exceed  8  feet.  So  far  as  possible  knots  or  other 
imperfections  shall  be  excluded  from  the  bottom  and  top  quarters  of 
timber  beams. 

The  ends  of  all  floor,  ceiling,  or  roof  beams,  entering  a  party  or 
fire  wall  from  opposite  sides  shall  be  separated  by  at  least  8  inches  of 
solid  masonry;  such  separation  may  be  obtained  by  corbeling  the  wall, 
or  staggering  the  beams;  or  the  beams  may  be  supported  by  steel  wall 
hangers.  Where  the  beams  are  staggered  so  that  a  right  angle  mortar 
joint  exists  between  the  beams  the  separation  may  be  reduced  to  six  (6) 
inches.  No  wall  shall  be  corbeled  more  than  2  inches  for  this  purpose. 

SECTION  26.    MILL  CONSTRUCTION. 

Mill  Construction.  Mill  or  slow-burning  construction  consists  of 
masonry  walls  and  heavy  timber  interior  construction,  designed  and  ar- 
ranged in  such  a  manner  as  to  prevent  concealed  spaces  and  to  expose 
the  least  number  of  corners  or  projections  of  combustible  material  to 
fire.  Such  buildings  should  have  each  floor  or  room  isolated  by 
means  of  incombustible  walls  having  automatic  closing  doors  and  other 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  CONSTRUCTION 


23 


cut-offs  to  prevent  the  rapid  spread  of  fire  and  smoke.  They  should 
also  be  protected  by  standpipe,  or  a  suitable  automatic  sprinkler  in- 
stallation. 

WORKING  UNIT  STRESSES  FOR  STRUCTURAL 
TIMBERS  IN  DRY  LOCATIONS 


Species  of  Timber 


BENDING 

Hori- 

Stress  in  zontal 

Extreme  Shear 

fiber  Stress 

Lbs.  Lbs. 

sq.  in.      ,     sq.  in. 

Fir,  Douglas 

Dense     grade 1,600  100 

Sound  grade 1,300  85 

Hemlock,  Eastern 1 ,000  70 

Hemlock,   Western    1,300  75 

Oak    1,400  125 

Pine,  Eastern  White    ....     900  80 

Pine,  Norway 1 , 1  00  85 

Pine,  Southern  Yellow 

Dense   Grade    1,600  125 

Sound  grade 1,300  85 

Spruce    900  70 

Tamarack                              .  1 ,200  95 


COMPRESSION 
Parallel 

to  grain         Perpen 
"Short 
Columns' 


Lbs. 
sq.  in. 


dicular 

to  grain 

Lbs. 

sq.  in. 


1,200 

350 

700 

300 

700 

300 

900 

300 

900 

400 

700 

250 

800 

300 

,200 
900 
600 
900 


350 
300 
200 
350 


SECTION  27.     FIRE-RESISTIVE  CONSTRUCTION. 

Fire- Resistive  Construction  includes  buildings  in  which  the  struc- 
tural parts,  including  lintels,  are  constructed  of  hard  incombustible  mate- 
rial such  as  stone,  brick,  fireproofed  steel  or  iron,  terra  cotta  or  monolithic 
concrete.  All  other  materials  used  in  the  construction  and  completion 
of  such  buildings,  including  the  roof  covering,  shall  be  of  incombustible 
materials,  except  as  follows: 


24  BUILDING  ORDINANCE 

1 .  Top  flooring,  with  the  necessary  sleepers  imbedded  in 
concrete,  except  in  public  halls,  corridors  and  toilet  rooms. 

2.  Doors  and  windows  and  their  trim,  except  doors  and 
windows  to  stair  and  elevator  shafts  and  in  fire  walls. 

3.  Room  or  office  partitions;  but  no  corridor,  stair  or  ele- 
vator partition  or  enclosure  shall  be  of  combustible  material. 

4.  Partitions  which  are  not  prescribed  to  be  fire-resistive 
partitions  shall  be  constructed  as  prescribed  for  fire-resistive  par- 
titions, except  they  need  not  rest  on  fireproof  floors  and  the  doors 
and  windows  and  their  frames  and  trim  in  such  partitions  may 
be  of  wood. 

Skeleton  Construction. 

Skeleton  Construction  is  a  form  of  building  construction  wherein 
all  external  and  internal  loads  and  stresses  are  transmitted  to  the  founda- 
tions by  a  rigidly  connected  framework  of  metal  or  reinforced  concrete. 
The  enclosing  walls  are  supported  by  girders  at  each  story. 

The  enclosing  or  panel  walls  if  of  brick,  shall  be  not  less  than  1 2 
inches  thick,  laid  in  cement  mortar.  When  the  vertical  distance  between 
supporting  girders  exceeds  1 5  feet  the  thickness  of  the  wall  shall  be 
increased  4  inches  for  each  1  5  feet  or  fraction  thereof  that  the  said 
vertical  distance  exceeds  1  5  feet.  Such  walls  shall  be  of  brick,  stone  or 
gravel  concrete,  or  hard  burned  terra  cotta. 

Terra  cotta  blocks  faced  with  brick  bonded  in  the  manner  pre- 
scribed in  Section  1 8,  may  be  used  for  walls  of  skeleton  construc- 
tion to  a  height  of  1 25  feet. 


2f, 


PART  V. 
EQUIPMENT. 

SECTION  28.  CHIMNEYS  AND  FIREPLACES.  Except 
as  herein  provided,  all  chimneys  in  every  building  hereafter  erected, 
altered  or  rebuilt  shall  be  constructed  of  brick,  stone  or  reinforced  con- 
crete. No  masonry  chimney  shall  have  walls  less  than  8  inches  thick 
unless  it  be  lined  on  the  inside  with  well  burned  terra  cotta  or  fire  clay 

fl    0    0 


Fig.  1 — Method  of  building  two  fireplaces  back-to-back  in  a  brick  party  wall  to 
secure  proper  spacing  between  ends  of  floor  joists.  The  space  between  backs  can  be 
filled  if  desired. 

Fig.  2 — Floor  framing  around  a  single  fireplace.  Note  filling  between  framing  and 
brickwork  which  serves  both  as  insulator  and  fire-stop. 


26 


BUILDING  ORDINANCE 


chimney  tile  set  in  Portland  cement*  mortar,  in  which  case  the  wall 
shall  be  not  less  than  4  inches  thick.  The  lining  shall  be  continuous 
from  the  bottom  of  the  flue  to  its  extreme  height. 

Every  smoke  flue  contained  in  a  chimney  hereafter  erected  shall 
have  an  area  of  at  least  64  square  inches,  except  that  terra  cotta  flue 
linings  7  inches  by  7  inches  rectangular  or  8-inch  diameter  inside  di- 
mensions, may  be  used, 

n     n     n 


PLATE  II 

Solid  Masonry.  Brick  with   Flue  Lining. 

Fig.  1 — Floor  framing  around  chimney  in  a  party  wall  to  secure  proper  space  be- 
tween ends  of  floor  joists. 

Fig.  2 — Ordinary  floor  framing  around  a  chimney.  All  timbers  2  inches  clear  of 
brickwork  and  space  filled  with  fireproofing  material. 

Fig.  3 — Stud  partition  across  hack  of  a  chimney  showing  proper  method  of  ar- 
ranging stud« 

Fig.  4 — Stud  partition  across  back  of  a  fireplace  and  around  the  ends  of  the 
chimney  breast,  showing  proper  method  of  arranging  studs. 

*NOTE. — Portland  cement  mortar  is  superior  to  lime  mortar  in 
resisting  the  action  of  heat  and  flue  gases.  The  latter  disintegrates 
in  time,  and  is  liable  to  fall  out.  of  the  joints,  thus  producing  a  hole 
through  which  fire  is  likely  to  originate. 


EQUIPMENT 


27 


No  chimney  shall  be  corbeled  out  more  than  8  inches  from  a 
brick  wall,  and  such  corbeling  shall  consist  of  at  least  five  courses  of 
brick.  No  one  course  shall  project  more  than  1 J/2  inches. 


Brick   with   Flue   Lining. 


Solid    Masonry. 


CHIMNEYS. 
PLATE  III 


Brick   Corbeled. 
PLATE  IV 

Brick  set  on  edge  shall  not  be  permitted  in  chimney  construction. 

Chimneys  of  all  low-pressure  boilers,  or  furnaces,  also  the  smoke 
flues  for  baker's  ovens,  large  cooking  ranges,  large  laundry  stoves,  and 
all  flues  used  for  similar  purposes  shall  be  at  least  8  inches  in  thickness 
and  be  lined  continuously  on  the  inside  with  well-burned  terra  cotta  or 
fire  clay  chimney  tile  set  in  Portland  cement  mortar.  All  such  chim- 
neys shall  be  capped  with  terra  cotta,  stone,  concrete  or  cast  iron. 


28  BUILDING  ORDINANCE 

The  smoke  flue  of  every  high  pressure  steam  boiler,  and  every 
appliance  producing  a  corresponding  temperature  in  a  flue,  if  built  of 
brick,  stone,  reinforced  concrete  or  other  approved  masonry,  shall  have 
walls  not  less  than  12  inches  thick,  and  the  inside  4  inches  of  such 
walls  shall  be  firebrick,  laid  in  Portland  cement  mortar  for  a  distance 
of  at  least  25  feet  from  the  point  where  the  smoke  connection  of  the 
boiler  enters  the  flue. 


PLATE  V 

Chimney  built  with  brick  on  edge  and  unlined.    Roof  is  contact.    Cracks  in  chimney 
under  the  roof,  same  as  appear  above  it.    The  hazard  is  apparent. 

All  chimneys  shall  project  at  least  3  feet  above  the  point  of  con- 
tact with  a  flat  roof,  or  2  feet  above  the  ridge  of  a  pitched  roof. 

Portland  cement  mortar  only  shall  be  used  in  the  construction  of 
chimneys  their  entire  length. 

No  chimney  in  any  building  shall  have  wooden  supports  of  any 
kind.  Supports  shall  be  incombustible  and  shall  rest  upon  the  ground 
or  the  foundation. 

All  chimneys  which  are  dangerous  from  any  cause  shall  be  re- 
paired and  made  safe,  or  taken  down. 


EQUIPMENT  29 

Metal  smokestacks  may  be  permitted  for  boilers,  furnaces  and 
similar  apparatus  where  large  hot  fires  are  used,  provided  they  have 
a  clearance  from  all  combustible  material  of  not  less  than  one-half 
the  diameter  of  the  stack,  but  not  less  than  15  inches  unless  the  com- 
bustible material  be  properly  guarded  by  loose  fitting  metal  shields,  in 
which  case  the  distance  shall  be  not  less  than  12  inches.  Where 
such  a  stack  passes  through  a  roof,  it  shall  be  guarded  by  a  galvanized 
iron  ventilating  thimble  extending  from  at  least  9  inches  below  the  under- 


PLATE  VI 
Chimney  on  wooden  supports  in  a  garret  space.    Walls  one  brick  thick  unlined. 

side  of  the  ceiling  or  roof  beams  to  at  least  9  inches  above  the  roof, 
and  the  radius  of  the  ventilating  thimble  shall  be  at  least  1 8  inches 
greater  than  that  of  the  smoke  stack.  Metal  smoke  stacks  shall  not  be 
permitted  to  pass  through  floors. 

The  fireback  of  every  fireplace  hereafter  erected  shall  be  not 
less  than  8  inches  in  thickness  of  solid  brickwork,  nor  less  than  12 
inches  of  stone  lined  with  firebrick.  When  a  grate  is  set  in  a  fireplace 
a  lining  of  firebrick  at  least  2  inches  in  thickness  shall  be  added  to  the 
firebrick;  or  soapstone,  tile  or  cast  iron  may  be  used,  if  solidly  backed 
with  brick  or  concrete. 

All  flue-holes  when  not  in  use  shall  be  closed  with  tight-fitting 
metal  covers. 


30  BUILDING  ORDINANCE 

Ashes  shall  be  kept  in  metal  or  other  incombustible  receptacles 
provided  for  the  purpose.  When  the  ash  pit  is  located  in  a  basement 
or  cellar  enclosing  walls  and  cover  shall  consist  of  at  least  4  inches 
of  brick  or  concrete. 

Flues  to  be  Cleaned.  All  flues  in  every  building  shall  be  properly 
cleaned  and  all  rubbish  removed,  and  the  flues  left  smooth  on  the 
inside  upon  the  completion  of  the  building.  Once  each  year  all  flues 
shall  be  properly  cleaned  from  top  to  bottom. 

SECTION  29.  VENT  FLUES.  Vent  flues  or  ducts,  for  the 
removal  of  foul  or  vitiated  air,  in  which  the  temperature  of  the  air  cannot 
exceed  that  of  the  rooms,  shall  be  constructed  of  metal  or  other  incom- 
bustible material,  and  shall  not  be  placed  nearer  than  1  inch  to  any 
woodwork,  and  no  such  flue  shall  be  used  for  any  other  purpose. 

No  gas,  water  heater,  or  any  appliance  burning  gas  shall  be 
vented  into  any  flue  to  which  there  is  connected  any  appliance  which 
burns  fuel  other  than  gas. 

Every  gas  appliance  which  is  provided  with  a  vent  outlet  from 
the  combustion  chamber  shall  be  carefully  connected  with  a  vent  pipe 
which  shall  extend  to  and  through  the  roof  of  the  building. 

Every  such  vent  pipe  shall  have  an  internal  area  at  least  equal 
to  the  vent  pipe  outlet  on  such  appliance  and  if  built  of  galvanized 
iron  shall  have  a  sleeve  extending  to  full  length  of  the  concealed  portions 
of  such  pipe,  so  constructed  with  metal  spacers  that  there  shall  be  a 
clear  air  space  of  not  less  than  j/4  inch  all  around  and  between  such 
vent  pipe  sleeve  and  the  exterior  surfaces  of  every  such  sleeve  shall 
be  covered  with  3  thicknesses  of  asbestos  paper. 

Any  portion  of  such  vent  pipe  which  is  not  readily  visible,  any 
portion  of  such  vent  pipe  erected  in  the  attic  space,  and  any  portion 
of  such  vent  pipe  which  comes  within  3  inches  of  wood  or  wooden 
lath  and  plaster  shall  for  the  purpose  of  this  section  be  deemed  to 
be  concealed. 

SECTION  30.  LIGHT,  VENT  AND  DUMB-WAITER 
SHAFTS.  In  every  building  hereafter  erected  or  altered,  except  frame 


EQUIPMENT  31 

buildings,  all  walls  or  partitions  forming  interior  light  or  vent  shafts 
shall  be  built  in  accordance  with  the  requirements  for  stair  and  elevator 
shafts  in  new  buildings  as  specified  in  Section  31.  Dumb-waiter  en- 
closures, except  those  in  dwellings  shall  be  of  fire-resistive  construction, 
and  shall  be  not  less  than  3  inches  thick  if  constructed  of  brick  hollow 
or  solid  partition  blocks,  or  of  steel  studded  and  metal  lath  with  24 
inch  of  Portland  cement  plaster  on  each  side;  or  a  2-inch  solid  metal 
lath  and  Portland  cement  plaster  wall  may  be  permitted,  if  securely 
anchored  at  each  floor.  The  material  and  method  of  construction  to 
be  as  specified  for  stair  and  elevator  shafts  in  existing  buildings  in 
Section  31.  Doors  opening  into  such  shafts  shall  either  be  small  fire 
doors  or  solid  wooden  doors  covered  with  metal. 

The  walls  of  all  light  and  vent  shafts  hereafter  erected  shall  ex- 
tend not  less  than  3  feet  above  the  roof  level,  except  that  when  a  shaft 
is  covered  by  an  incombustible  ventilating  skylight  the  walls  need  not 
extend  more  than  2  feet  above  the  roof.  Masonry  walls  shall  be 
properly  coped. 

When  metal  louvres  are  used  for  ventilating  purposes,  the  louvres 
or  slats  shall  be  riveted  to  the  metal  frame. 

SECTION  3 1 .  STAIRWAY  AND  ELEVATOR  SHAFTS. 
In  all  buildings  hereafter  erected  except  private  dwellings,  which  are 
used  above  the  first  floor  for  business  purposes  or  for  public  assemblage, 
or  for  any  purpose  whatever  if  over  three  stories  high,  the  stair  shafts 
shall  be  separately  and  continuously  enclosed  by  incombustible  par- 
titions. Elevator  shafts  in  all  buildings  hereafter  erected  shall  be  en- 
closed in  the  same  manner.  The  partitions  shall  be  constructed  of  brick 
or  other  fireproof  material  approved  by  the  Chief  Building  Inspector, 
and  all  mortar  used  in  the  construction  shall  be  cement  mortar.  No 
such  hollow  partition  shall  be  less  than  6  inches  thick,  no  brick  par- 
tition less  than  8  inches  thick,  and  no  other  solid  partition  less  than  4 
inches  thick. 

Except  as  herein  stated,  the  stair,  elevator  or  hoistway  shafts  in  all 
existing  buildings  over  two  stories  high,  of  the  class  described  in  this 


32  BUILDING  ORDINANCE 

section,  shall  be  separately  enclosed  by  incombustible  partitions  as  above 
specified;  or  the  shafts  may  be  enclosed  by  approved  hollow  or  solid 
partition  blocks  not  less  than  3  inches  thick,  set  in  Portland  cement 
mortar;  or  by  4-inch  stud  partitions,  covered  on  each  side  with  not  less 
than  24  inch  of  Portland  cement  plaster  on  metal  lath.  All  lath  used 
for  such  partitions  shall  be  of  galvanized  steel  weighing  not  less  than 
54  oz.  per  square  yard.  Wire  lath  shall  be  not  less  than  No.  20 
gauge,  and  sheet  metal  lath  not  less  than  No.  24  gauge.  All  such  par- 
titions erected  in  existing  buildings  shall  be  fire-stopped  with  incom- 
bustible material  the  full  depth  of  the  floor  beams  at  each  floor  level. 

All  door  openings  in  stair  and  elevator  enclosures  shall  be  pro- 
tected by  fire  doors  mounted  with  wrought  iron  or  steel  hardware,  and 
shall  be  securely  attached  to  the  wall  or  partitions,  or  to  substantial 
incombustible  frames  anchored  thereto.  If  glass  panels  be  used  in  such 
doors,  they  shall  be  of  wired  glass  not  exceeding  one-third  the  area 
of  door. 

Doors  opening  into  stairway  shafts  shall  swing  in  the  direction  of 
exit  travel,  shall  be  self-closing,  and  shall  be  at  least  36  inches  wide. 

The  enclosure  walls  for  all  elevator  shafts  shall  extend  at  least 
3  feet  above  the  roof,  and  at  least  three-fourths  of  the  area  shall  be 
covered  with  a  skylight  constructed  as  specified  in  Section  33. 

If  in  the  opinion  of  the  Chief  Building  Inspector  it  is  neces- 
sary to  preserve  an  open  elevator  or  hoistway  in  an  existing  building, 
the  floor  openings  through  which  it  passes  shall  be  equipped  with 
automatically  closing  trap  doors  not  less  than  1  ]/2  inches  thick,  made  of 
two  thicknesses  of  matched  boards,  covered  on  the  under  side  with  tin; 
the  trap  doors  when  closed  shall  extend  beyond  the  openings  on  all 
sides.  Such  trap  doors  shall  be  protected  by  a  substantial  guard  or 
gate,  which  shall  be  kept  closed  at  all  times  except  when  in  actual 
use. 

Except  in  dwellings,  no  required  stairway  shall  be  less  than  44 
inches  wide,  and  the  total  width  of  exit  doorways  leading  therefrom  shall 
at  least  be  equal  to  the  stairways  which  they  serve. 


EQUIPMENT  33 

The  total  width  of  stairway,  interior  and  exterior,  provided  for 
the  use  of  each  floor  and  those  above,  shall  be  not  less  than  44  inches 
for  the  first  50  persons,  and  12  inches  for  each  additional  50  persons 
to  be  accommodated  thereby.  The  stair  treads  shall  be  not  less  than 
9J/2  inches  wide,  and  the  risers  not  more  than  7%  inches  high. 
Winders  in  such  required  stairways  are  prohibited.  Every  school, 
hospital  and  theater,  over  one  story  high  shall  have  at  least  two  stair- 
ways constructed  entirely  of  incombustible  material,  located  remote 
from  each  other  and  continuous  from  grade  line  to  the  topmost  story. 

All  exit  doors  in  schools,  hospitals,  churches,  theaters  and  other 
places  of  public  assemblage  shall  open  outward  and  be  of  aggregate 
width  as  specified  in  a  paragraph  of  this  section. 

SECTION  32.  FLOOR  LIGHTS.  Except  in  dwellings,  all 
openings  hereafter  made  in  floors  for  the  transmission  of  light  to  floors 
below,  when  required  to  be  covered,  shall  be  covered  with  glass  set 
in  metal  frames  and  bars.  The  glass  shall  be  not  less  than  24  mc^ 
in  thickness,  and  if  any  glass  measures  more  than  1 6  inches  square 
there  shall  be  a  rigid  wire  mesh  either  in  the  glass  or  under  it.  If 
such  openings  are  not  covered  over  with  glass  they  shall  be  protected  by 
substantial  railing  not  less  than  3  feet  high. 

SECTION  33.  SKYLIGHTS  OVER  STAIRWAY  AND 
ELEVATOR  SHAFTS.  Where  a  stairway,  elevator,  or  dumb- 
waiter shaft  extends  through  the  roof  and  is  covered  by  a  skylight, 
the  skylight  shall  be  constructed  with  incombustible  frame  and  sash, 
glazed  with  ordinary  thin  glass,  and  shall  be  protected  by  a  galvanized 
steel  wire  screen  with  a  mesh  not  exceeding  one  inch,  and  the  wire  not 
smaller  than  No.  1  2  gage.  The  screen  shall  have  metal  supports  and 
shall  be  placed  not  less  than  6  inches  above  the  skylight.  Instead  of 
a  skylight,  a  window  may  be  placed  in  the  side  of  the  shaft  above 
the  roof  which  is  farthest  removed  from  a  property  line.  The  window 
shall  have  incombustible  frame  and  sash,  and  be  glazed  with  thin  glass. 

SECTION  34.  ROOF  OPENINGS.  All  openings  in  roofs 
for  the  admission  of  light  or  air,  other  than  those  provided  for  in 


34  BUILDING  ORDINANCE 

Sections  30  and  33,  shall  have  incombustible  frames  and  sash  glazed 
with  wire  glass;  or  ordinary  glass  may  be  used,  if  protected  above  and 
below  by  galvanized  steel  wire  screens  with  a  mesh  not  exceeding  one 
inch,  and  the  wire  not  smaller  than  No.  1 2  gage.  The  top  screen  shall 
be  installed  as  specified  in  Section  32. 

SECTION  35.  AREAWAYS.  All  areaways  shall  be  guarded 
with  suitable  railings,  or  be  protected  by  incombustible  covers  or  grat- 
ings. If  gratings  be  used,  they  shall  have  a  wire  screen  of  not  more 
than  !/2  inch  mesh  securely  attached  to  the  underside.  Areaways  thus 
protected  shall  not  project  more  than  4  feet  beyond  the  building  line. 

SECTION  36.  MOTION  PICTURE  MACHINES  AND 
BOOTHS. 

DEFINITION.  By  the  term  "Picture  Machine"  as  used  in  this 
ordinance  is  meant  any  device  used  to  project  upon  a  surface  moving 
pictures  of  any  character  which  an  audience  is  permitted  to  view. 

CONSTRUCTION  OF  BOOTH.  Every  picture  machine  shall  be- 
fore being  operated  be  installed  in  a  booth  or  room,  either  constructed 
entirely  of  fireproof  materials  or  rendered  proof  against  fire  by  having 
its  ceiling  and  walls  protected  with  asbestos  board  !/4  inch  thick  covered 
with  sheet  iron  not  less  than  No.  26  B.  &  S.  gauge.  The  floor  may 
be  of  concrete,  but  if  of  combustible  material  must  be  protected  with 
No.  20  B.  &  S.  gauge  sheet  iron  covered  with  rubber  or  cork  matting. 

The  door  shall,  if  of  wood,  be  at  least  24  of  an  inch  in  thickness, 
clad  with  at  least  No.  28  gauge  sheet  metal.  The  door  shall  swing 
outward  and  close  automatically,  either  by  means  of  a  spring  on  the 
outside  or  by  a  metal  rope  and  weight. 

Openings  for  the  operator's  view  or  for  the  projection  of  the 
picture  shall  in  no  case  be  larger  than  12"  x  12"  and  shall  be  provided 
with  gravity  doors  of  the  same  material  as  specified  for  the  booth.  Such 
doors  shall  be  held  open  by  fusible  links  and  shall  not  be  blocked  or 
held  open  in  any  other  manner. 

Each  booth  or  room  shall  be  ventilated  by  a  metal  ventilating  pipe 
not  less  than  12  inches  in  diameter,  extending  outside  of  the  building. 
In  a  private  assembly  hall  when  the  picture  machine  is  operated  only 


EQUIPMENT  35 

occasionally  and  for  short  periods  of  time  the  ventilating  pipe  may  be 
omitted. 

SECTION  37.  ELECTRICAL  INSTALLATIONS.  All 
electrical  installations  shall  be  in  accordance  with  the  National  Elec- 
trical Code,  and  no  installation  of  electrical  equipment  shall  be  made, 
except  in  conformity  thereto. 

SECTION  38.  PLUMBING  AND  DRAIN  REQUIRE- 
MENTS. The  plumbing  and  drainage  of  all  buildings,  both  public 
and  private,  shall  be  performed  in  accordance  with  special  regulations 
of  the  Building  and  Health  Departments. 


36 


PART  VI. 
FIRE  PREVENTION. 

SECTION  39.  FIRE  STOPS.  At  each  floor  level,  in  all  build- 
ings hereafter  erected,  all  stud  walls,  partitions,  furrings  and  spaces  be- 
tween joists  where  they  rest  on  division  walls  or  partitions  shall  be  fire- 
stopped  in  a  manner  to  completely  cut  off  communication  by  fire  through 
concealed  spaces  to  prevent  drafts  both  vertical  and  horizontal.  Such 
fire-stopping  shall  extend  the  full  depth  of  the  joist  and  at  least  4  inches 
above  each  floor  level.  See  Plate  VII. 


If  BKItK  IS  UStO 
THf  &OAKDS  AND 
NAILING  PIKf*  AKf 

NOT  eeo.uiRCi> 


f/ff.  4. 

PLATE  VII 


Figs.  1  and  3 — Elevation  and  plan  showing  fire-stopping  of  wall  of  frame  building 
at  line  of  sill  and  between  studs  and  floor  joists. 

Fig.  2 — Fire-stopping  with  timber  cut  between  floor  joists  on  top  of  brick  partition. 

Fig.   4 — Fire-stopping  of  partition  resting   on   wooden   girder. 

Fig.  5 — Same  as  Fig.  2  except  that  incombustible  compressible  material  between 
two  boards  is  used  instead  of  a  timber. 


FIRE  PREVENTION 


37 


For  all  walls  furred  with  wood  the  masonry  between  the  ends  of 
wooden  beams  shall  project  the  thickness  of  the  furring  beyond  the  inner 
face  of  the  wall  for  the  full  depth  of  the  beams;  or  a  double  course 
of  masonry  above  and  below  the  beams  shall  project  the  full  thickness 
of  the  furring  beyond  the  face  of  the  wall.  In  cases  where  floor 
beams  are  parallel  to  the  wall  furred  with  wood,  there  shall  be  a 
space  of  not  less  than  2J/2  inches  between  such  a  wall  and  the  nearest 
beam.  This  space  shall  be  filled  in  solid  with  brickwork,  or  concrete, 
for  the  full  depth  of  the  floor  beams.  See  Plate  VIII. 


PLATE  VIII 


Studded-off  Space.  Where  walls  are  studded-off,  the  space  be- 
tween the  inside  face  of  the  wall  and  the  studding  at  the  floor  level  shall 
be  fire-stopped  with  brickwork  or  other  approved  fireproof  material.  The 
beams  directly  over  the  studded-off  space  shall  be  deadened  with  not 
less  than  6  inches  of  fireproof  material,  which  shall  be  laid  on  boards 
cut  in  between  the  beams.  The  under  side  of  such  beams  shall  be 
protected  by  covering  of  metal  lath,  or  plaster  board,  and  plastered  to 
a  total  thickness  of  %  inch. 


38 


BUILDING  ORDINANCE 


When  sliding  doors  are  pocketed  in  partitions  care  shall  be  ex- 
ercised to  see  that  such  pockets  be  completely  fire-stopped  at  top  and 
bottom. 

The  space  between  stair  carriages  shall  be  fire-stopped  at  least 
once  in  the  middle  portion  of  each  run,  and  shall  be  fire-stopped  by  a 
header  beam  at  top  and  bottom. 

SECTION  40.  WOODEN  BEAMS  SEPARATED  FROM 
MASONRY  CHIMNEYS.  No  wooden  beams  or  joists  shall  be 
placed  within  2  inches  of  the  outside  face  of  a  chimney  or  flue,  whether 
the  same  be  for  smoke,  air  or  any  other  purpose. 

No  woodwork  shall  be  within  4  inches  of  the  back  wall  of  any 
fireplace. 

Plaster 
Asbestos  Board 


facombustible 
Filling 


Sheet  Metal  Strip 
for  holdin 
in  place 


PLATE  IX 

Detail  showing  support  for  fire-stopping  around  chimney,  and  protection  for  wood- 
work placed  next  to  plaster  on  chimney  brickwork. 

All  spaces  between  the  chimney  and  wooden  beams  shall  be  solidly 
filled  with  refuse  mortar,  loose  cinders,  or  other  incombustible  material. 

The  header  beam,  carrying  the  tail  beams  of  a  floor,  and  sup- 
porting the  trimmer  arch  in  front  of  a  fireplace,  shall  be  not  less  than 
20  inches  from  the  chimney  breast. 


FIRE  PREVENTION  39 

No  wooden  furring  or  studding  shall  be  placed  against  any 
chimney;  the  plastering  shall  be  directly  on  the  masonry,  or  on  metal 
lathing. 

SECTION  41.  PROTECTION  OF  WALL  OPENINGS.  No 
opening  in  an  interior  masonry  wall  shall  exceed  8  feet  by  1  0  feet.  If 
the  opening  be  in  a  party  or  fire  wall,  it  shall  have  a  standard  auto- 
matic fire  door  on  each  side  of  the  wall.  If  an  opening  in  a  fire  wall 
is  made  to  serve  as  an  emergency  or  horizontal  exit,  it  shall  not  exceed 
48  square  feet  in  area,  and  a  self-closing  fire  door  shall  be  substituted 
for  one  of  the  automatic  fire  doors.  The  total  openings  in  a  fire  wall 
shall  not  exceed  25  per  cent  of  the  linear  length  of  the  wall. 

Every  building  within  the  fire  limits,  except  churches,  dwellings, 
tenement  houses,  dormitories  and  lodging  houses,  shall  have  standard 
fire  doors,  shutters,  or  wired  glass  in  incombustible  frames  and  sash 
on  every  exterior  opening  above  the  first  story,  except  when  fronting 
on  a  street  not  less  than  35  feet  wide,  or  where  no  other  building  is 
within  35  feet  of  such  opening.  The  wall  of  a  building  in  the  same 
plane  as  that  in  which  the  opening  is  situated,  shall  not  be  considered 
as  coming  within  the  intent  of  this  rule.  All  openings  in  the  side  and 
rear  walls  of  the  first  story,  except  show  windows,  shall  be  protected  as 
prescribed  in  this  section  when  within  35  feet  of  another  building. 

SECTION  42.  EXITS  REQUIRED.  The  term  floor  area  as 
used  in  this  section  shall  mean  the  entire  floor  space  between  exterior 
walls  and  fire  walls. 

In  every  building  hereafter  erected,  except  in  private  dwellings, 
each  floor  area  above  the  first  shall  be  provided  with  at  least  two 
means  of  egress  remote  from  each  other,  one  of  which  shall  be  an 
enclosed  stairway  as  provided  by  Section  31,  or  a  doorway  in  a  fire 
wall  leading  to  another  floor  area  separately  provided  with  adequate 
stairs  or  other  independent  means  of  exit.  Such  doorway  serving  as 


40  BUILDING  ORDINANCE 

an  automatic  and  a  self-closing  fire  door,  as  specified  in  Section  25.* 
No  portion  of  any  floor  area  shall  be  more  than  1  00  feet  from  a  place 
of  egress.  Elevators  shall  not  be  considered  as  a  means  of  egress  as 
specified  in  this  section,  t 

SECTION  43.  SMOKE  PIPES.  No  smoke  pipe  shall  be  within 
1 2  inches  of  any  woodwork,  or  any  wood  framework  and  plaster  parti- 
tion or  ceiling. 

Where  smoke  pipes  pass  through  a  wood  and  plaster  partition, 
they  shall  be  guarded  by  galvanized  iron  ventilated  thimbles  at  least 
12  inches  larger  in  diameter  than  the  pipes,  or  by  galvanized  iron 
thimbles  built  in  at  least  8  inches  of  brick  work  or  other  incombustible 
material. 

No  smoke  pipe  shall  pass  through  any  floor,  or  a  roof  having 
wooden  framework  or  covering,  except  as  prescribed  in  Section  28. 

SECTION  44.  HOT  AIR  PIPES  AND  REGISTERS.  All 
heater  pipes  from  hot  air  furnaces  where  passing  through  combustible 
partitions,  or  floors,  must  be  doubled  tin  pipes  with  at  least  1  inch  air 
space  between  them.  Horizontal  hot  air  pipes  leading  from  furnace 
shall  be  not  less  than  6  inches  from  any  woodwork,  unless  the  wood- 
work be  covered  with  loose  fitting  tin,  or  the  pipe  be  covered  with 
corrugated  asbestos,  in  which  latter  cases  the  distance  from  the  wood- 
work may  be  reduced  to  not  less  than  3  inches. 

No  hot  air  pipe  shall  be  placed  in  a  wooden  stud  partition  or  any 


*HORIZONTAL  EXIT. — As  a  means  of  rapid  and  safe  egress  from  a  burning 
building,  the  use  of  horizontal  exits  through  a  fire  wall  or  a  fire  partition  is 
strongly  recommended.  Such  a  partition  shall  be  built  of  fireproof  material  not  less 
than  3  inches  thick,  and  be  securely  attached  to  the  walls,  floor  and  ceiling  of  the 
room  which  it  sub-divides.  It  shall  be  provided  with  one  or  more  self-closing  fire 
doors,  that  is,  doors  which  are  kept  closed  by  some  automatic  device.  Such  a  parti- 
tion would  afford  an  area  of  quick  refuge  upon  either  side.  Each  area  must  be 
sufficient  to  accommodate  all  the  people  employed  upon  the  floor,  and  must  be  pro- 
vided with  at  least  one  independent  exit  to  the  street.  As  above  indicated,  a  lire 
wall  may  be  made  to  serve  the  same  purpose.  As  a  means  of  egress  a  doorway  in 
such  a  partition  or  fire  wall  may  be  considered  the  equivalent  of  three  times  the 
same  width  of  stairway. 

tSMOKEPROOF  TOWER.— The  use  of  a  smokeproof  tower  or  stairway  is  also 
recommended  as  one  of  the  best  known  means  of  safe  escape  from  a  burning  building. 
At  the  same  time  it  furnishes  a  protected  position  from  which  firemen  can  attack 
a  fire  on  any  floor.  Such  a  tewer  is  built  entirely  of  incombustible  materials,  and 
has  no  direct  openings  into  the  interior  of  the  building  it  serves.  It  is  reached  by 
a  fireproof  open-air  balcony  or  interior  open-air  vestibule,  thus  effectually  excluding 
smoke  and  fire  from  the  tower.  The  entrance  at  each  floor  level  is  protected  by  a 
self-closing  fire  door. 


FIRE  PREVENTION 


41 


HOLE 

FRAMED 

IN  DIAMETER  THANHC 

SIZE  OFTHEPIPE\ 


\/ENT  HOLES 


no.z, 

PLATE  X 

Fig.  1.     Sectional  view  of  protection  around  a  stovepipe  passing  through  a  wooden 
partition. 

Fig.  2.     Elevation  of  same  device. 


42  BUILDING  ORDINANCE 

wooden  enclosure  unless  it  be  at  least  8  feet  horizontal  distance  from 
the  furnace.  Hot  air  pipes  contained  in  combustible  partitions  shall 
be  placed  inside  another  pipe  arranged  to  maintain  j/2  inch  air  space 
between  the  two  on  all  sides,  or  be  securely  covered  with  J/2  inch  of 
corrugated  asbestos.  Neither  the  outer  pipe  nor  the  covering  shall  be 
within  1  inch  of  wooden  studding.  Hot  air  pipes  in  closets  shall  be 
double,  with  a  space  of  at  least  1  inch  between  them  on  all  sides. 

Every  hot  air  furnace  shall  have  at  least  one  register  without 
valve  or  louvres. 

A  register  located  over  a  brick  furnace  shall  be  supported  by  a 
brick  shaft  built  up  from  the  cover  of  the  hot-air  chamber;  said  shaft 
shall  be  lined  with  a  metal  pipe,  and  no  woodwork  shall  be  within 
3  inches  of  the  outer  face  of  the  shaft. 

A  register  box  placed  in  the  floor  over  a  portable  furnace  shall 
have  on  open  space  around  it  of  not  less  than  4  inches  on  all  sides,  and 
be  supported  by  an  incombustible  border. 

Hot  air  registers  placed  in  any  woodwork  or  combustible  floors 
shall  be  surrounded  with  borders  of  incombustible  material,  not  less 
than  2  inches  wide,  securely  set  in  place. 

The  register  boxes  shall  be  of  metal,  and  be  double;  the  distance 
between  the  two  shall  be  not  less  than  1  inch;  or  they  may  be  single 
if  covered  with  asbestos  not  less  than  ]/s  inch  in  thickness,  and  if  all 
woodwork  within  2  inches  be  covered  with  tin. 

SECTION  45.  STOVES  AND  RANGES.  No  kitchen  range 
or  stove  except  as  hereinafter  prescribed  in  any  building  shall  be  placed 
less  than  3  feet  from  any  woodwork  or  wood  framework  and  plaster 
partition,  unless  the  woodwork  or  partition  is  properly  protected  by  metal 
shields,  in  which  case  the  distance  shall  be  not  less  than  1 8  inches. 
Metal  shields  shall  be  loosely  attached,  thus  preserving  an  air  space 
behind  them. 

Hotel  and  restaurant  ranges  shall  be  provided  with  a  metal  hood, 
placed  at  least  9  inches  below  any  wood  framework  and  plaster  or 
wooden  ceiling,  and  have  an  individual  pipe  outlet  connected  with  a 


FIRE  PREVENTION 


43 


Note  register  box  extended 


PLATE  XI 

Fig.  1 — Method  of  fire-stopping  around  floor  register, 
to  line  of  ceiling  which  simplifies  installation. 

Fig.  2 — A  more  complete  method  of  fire-stopping,  and  one  well  suited  for  existing 
buildings. 

Fig.    3 — Isometric    sketch    showing    method    of    fire-stopping    between    floor    joists 
around  a  hot  air  pipe  carried  up  in  a  partition. 


44  BUILDING  ORDINANCE 

good  brick  flue.  The  pipe  shall  be  protected  by  at  least  1  inch  of 
asbestos  covering,  or  its  equivalent. 

Low  pressure  heating  boilers,  warm  air  furnaces  and  similar  appli- 
ances where  hot  fires  are  used  shall  rest  upon  entirely  incombustible 
foundations.  Where  stoves  or  ranges  without  legs  are  carried  by  wooden 
floor  framing  they  shall  rest  upon  6-inch  foundations  built  of  incom- 
bustible materials  supported  within  the  thickness  of  the  floor  framing. 
Such  foundations  shall  extend  at  least  6  inches  on  the  sides  and  backs 
and  24  inches  on  the  fronts  of  the  heating  appliances. 

All  stoves  or  ranges  with  legs  shall  be  set  on  metal  mats  with 
|/4 -inch  asbestos  backing  which  shall  extend  at  least  12  inches  in  front. 

All  ranges  that  are  supported  by  legs  and  have  no  ash  pan  or  gas 
burner  nearer  than  one  foot  to  the  floor  and  on  which  such  gas  burners 
are  separated  from  the  floor  by  sheet  metal,  may  rest  directly  on  a  com- 
bustible floor. 

Where  any  gas  or  gasoline  burning  stove  or  range  is  placed  against 
or  nearer  than  six  inches  to  any  combustible  partition  or  wall  such  wall 
shall  be  protected  by  a  shield,  if  in  the  opinion  of  the  Chief  Building 
Inspector  such  a  shield  is  necessary,  and  this  shield  shall  be  constructed 
and  placed  as  prescribed  by  him. 

Gasoline  stoves  shall  always  rest  on  the  floor  or  a  permanent 
foundation  and  never  on  boxes,  shelves,  or  a  temporary  support  and 
shall  not  be  placed  in  close  proximity  to  wooden  shelves,  cupboards  or 
other  inflammable  material.  Where  the  main  burner  grates  are  less 
than  two  feet  above  the  floor  the  stove  shall  have  an  incombustible 
closed  bottom  or  it  shall  rest  on  an  incombustible  floor. 

SECTION  46.  STEAM  AND  HOT  WATER  PIPES.  No 
steam  or  hot  water  pipe  shall  be  within  1  inch  of  any  woodwork. 
Every  steam  or  hot  water  pipe  passing  through  combustible  floors  or 
ceilings,  or  wooden  lath  and  plaster  partitions,  shall  be  protected  by 
a  metal  tube  1  inch  larger  in  diameter  than  the  pipe  and  be  provided 
with  a  metal  cap.  All  wooden  boxes,  or  casings  enclosing  steam  or 
hot  water  heating  pipes,  or  wooden  covers  to  recesses  in  walls  in  which 
steam  or  hot  water  heating  pipes  are  placed,  shall  be  lined  with  metal. 


FIRE  PREVENTION 


45 


SECTION  47.  DRY  ROOMS.  No  combustible  material  shall 
be  permitted  in  the  construction  of  any  dry  room  hereafter  erected 
in  which  a  temperature  of  125  degrees  Fahr.  or  over  may  exist.  If  a 


^  Stea  m  pipe 
/Floor plate 


-Metal  J/eew 


'Ceiling  plate 


PLATE  XII 
Steam   Pipe   Protection   Through    Floor   or   Partition. 

temperature  under  125  degrees  Fahr.  is  to  be  used,  the  dry  room  may 
be  constructed  of  wood,  but  it  shall  be  lined  throughout  with  J/s  inch 
asbestos,  covered  with  sheet  metal. 

If  windows  are  placed  in  walls  or  ceilings  of  dry  rooms  they  shall 
be  of  wired  glass  set  in  fixed  incombustible  sash  and  frames. 

SECTION  48.  HEATING  FURNACES  AND  APPLI- 
ANCES. Any  woodwork,  wooden  lath  and  plaster  partition  or  ceiling 
within  4  feet  of  the  sides  or  back,  or  6  feet  from  the  front  of  any  heat- 
ing boiler,  furnace,  bakery  oven,  coffee  roaster,  fire  heated  candy  kettle, 
laundry  stove,  or  other  similar  appliance,  shall  be  covered  with  metal 
to  a  height  of  at  least  4  feet  above  the  floor.  This  covering  shall  extend 
the  full  length  of  the  boiler,  furnace,  or  heating  appliance,  and  to  at  least 
5  feet  in  front  of  it.  Metal  shields  shall  be  loosely  attached,  thus  pre- 
serving an  air  space  behind  them.  In  no  case  shall  such  combustible 
construction  be  permitted  within  2  feet  of  the  sides  or  back  of  the  heat- 
ing appliance,  or  5  feet  in  front  of  same. 

Heating  boilers  shall  be  encased  on  sides  and  top  by  an  incom- 
bustible protective  covering  not  less  than  1  Yi  inches  thick. 

No  wood  or  wood  lath  and  plaster  above  a  heating  furnace  or 


46  BUILDING  ORDINANCE 

boiler  shall  be  closer  than  fifteen  inches  to  the  top  of  such  furnace  or 
boiler,  and  wood  or  wood  lath  and  plaster  within  24  inches  of  the  top 
of  such  furnace  or  boiler  shall  be  protected  by  a  metal  shield  loosely 
attached.  Shield  to  be  at  least  2  feet,  in  every  direction,  larger  than 
furnace. 

SECTION  49.  OPEN  FLAME  HEATING  DEVICES.  All 
gas,  gasoline,  oil  or  charcoal  burning  stoves  or  heating  devices  shall  be 
placed  on  iron  stands  at  least  6  inches  above  combustible  supports, 
unless  the  burners  are  at  least  5  inches  above  the  base,  with  metal 
guard  plates  4  inches  below  the  burners. 

No  open  flame  heating  or  lighting  device  shall  be  used  in  any 
room  where  gasoline  or  other  volatile  inflammable  fluids  are  stored  or 
handled. 

SECTION  50.  GAS  PIPES  AND  APPLIANCES.  Gas  con- 
nections  to  stoves  and  similar  heating  devices  shall  be  made  by  rigid 
metal  pipes.  For  small  portable  gas  heating  devices,  flexible  metal  or 
rubber  tubing  may  be  used  when  there  is  no  valve  or  other  shut-off  on 
the  device. 

All  outlets  and  risers  shall  be  left  capped  until  covered  by  fixtures, 

After  all  piping  is  installed  and  all  outlets  capped,  there  shall  be 
applied  by  the  plumber  in  the  presence  of  the  Chief  Building  Inspector, 
a  test  with  air  to  a  pressure  equal  to  a  column  of  mercury  6  inches  in 
height,  and  the  same  to  stand  for  five  minutes ;  only  mercury  gauge  shall 
be  used.  No  piping  shall  be  covered,  nor  shall  any  fixture,  gas  heater  or 
range  be  connected  thereto  until  a  card  showing  the  approval  of  this  test 
has  been  issued  by  the  Chief  Building  Inspector. 

GAS  BRACKETS.  All  gas  burners  shall  be  placed  at  least 
twenty-eight  (28)  inches  below  any  ceiling  or  woodwork,  unless  the 
same  is  properly  protected  by  a  shield,  in  which  case  the  distance  shall 
be  not  less  than  eighteen  (18)  inches.  No  gas  burner  shall  be  placed 
nearer  than  eight  (8)  inches  to  any  window  opening,  and  all  swinging 
or  folding  gas  brackets  shall  be  provided  with  stops  to  prevent  them 
from  swinging  nearer  than  six  inches  to  walls  or  woodwork. 


47 


APPENDIX 

Because  the  references  contained  herein  are  of  an  educational 
and  explanatory  nature  rather  than  in  the  ordinary  line  of  Building 
Regulation,  they  are  presented  in  this  section  to  be  used  as  suggestions 
for  special  legislation,  and  will  be  found  generally  useful  in  connection 
with  the  construction  and  maintenance  of  Buildings. 
Mill  Construction 

The  marked  success  of  early  heavy  timber  structures  of  the  mill 
construction  type  led  to  the  popular  use  of  this  form  of  construction 
in  practically  all  kinds  of  large  buildings.  As  its  use  developed,  new 
problems  arose  which  made  necessary  a  departure  from  the  original 
designs.  This  variation  to  suit  the  case  in  hand  finally  resulted  in  three 
general  classes  of  framing,  each  commonly  referred  to  by  builders  as 
mill  construction.  These  classes  have  certain  basic  points  in  common, 
such  as  heavy  timber,  brick,  stone,  or  concrete  walls;  stairways  and 
elevators  enclosed  in  fireproof  shafts  or  towers;  floors  with  no  openings 
or  with  all  openings  protected  by  fireproof  covers;  each  floor  or  room 
isolated  by  means  of  automatic  fireproof  doors  or  fire  walls;  windows 
protected  by  shutters  or  by  the  use  of  wire  glass ;  sprinkler  equipment,  etc. 

These  three  general  types  of  framing  may  be  classed  as  follows: 

1 .  Floors  of  heavy  plank  laid  flat  upon  large  girders  which  are 
spaced  from  8  to  1  1  feet  on  centers.  These  girders  are  supported  by 
wood  posts  or  columns  spaced  from  16  to  25  feet  apart.  This  type  is 
often  referred  to  as  "Standard  Mill  Construction." 


Standard    Mill    Contruction. 


48 


APPENDIX 


2.  Floors  of  heavy  plank  laid  on  edge  and  supported  by  girders 
which  are  spaced  from  12  to  18  feet  on  centers.  These  girders  are 
supported  by  wood  posts  or  columns  spaced  1  6  feet  or  over  apart,  de- 
pending upon  the  design  of  the  structure.  This  type  is  called  "Mill 
Construction  with  Laminated  Floors." 


Mill    Construction    with    Laminated    Floors. 


3.  Floors  of  heavy  plank  laid  flat  upon  large  beams  which  are 
spaced  from  4  to  10  feet  on  centers  and  supported  by  girders  spaced 
as  far  apart  as  the  loading  will  allow.  These  girders  are  carried  by  wood 
posts  or  columns  located  as  far  apart  as  consistent  with  the  general 
design  of  the  building.  A  spacing  of  from  20  to  25  feet  is  not  uncom- 
mon for  columns  in  this  class  of  framing  where  the  loading  is  not  exces- 
sive. This  type  is  more  generaly  known  as  "Semi-Mill  Construction." 

Each  of  these  types  is  provided  with  a  lighter  top-floor  to  take  the 
wear  and  give  a  finished  surface. 


Semi  Mill  Construction  Beams  in   Hangers. 


APPENDIX 


49 


Semi-Mill  Construction,  Beams  on  Top  of  Girders. Use    of    Cast    Iron    Pintle    Between 

Posts  or   Columns. 

Wood  Lattice  Trusses 

The  wood  lattice  truss  is  a  type  of  light  roof  truss  which  can  be 
built  easily,  quickly,  and  at  a  low  cost.  The  material  can  be  obtained 
without  delay  and  handled  by  local  workmen  who  have  not  had  spe- 
cialized training.  Although  light  in  weight,  it  is  strong  and  capable  of 
being  put  into  position  without  elaborate  equipment.  This  truss  will 
span  all  ordinary  lengths  between  walls  without  the  need  of  intermediate 
supports  such  as  posts,  columns,  interior  walls,  or  piers,  providing  clear 
floor  space  in  the  building. 

These  trusses  are  of  two  general  types  as  shown  in  the  illustra- 
tions. They  may  be  of  the  parallel  chord  type,  or  may  have  a  curved 
upper  chord.  The  size  of  stock  used  in  the  upper  and  lower  chords 
varies  from  2  in.  by  4  in.  to  2  in.  by  12  in.,  depending  on  the  size 
and  design  of  truss.  The  lattice  members  vary  in  size  from  1  in.  by 
6  in.  to  2  in.  by  8  in.  Ordinary  lengths  of  material  may  be  used. 


50 


APPENDIX 


APPENDIX 


51 


52 


APPENDIX 


cn 
v 

I 
I 

•~ 

§ 


APPENDIX 


53 


This  type  of  construction  has  been  widely  used  in  the  following 


classes  of  buildings: 

Armories 

Army   Recreation    Buildings 

Assembly  Halls 

Automobile  Salesrooms 

Bakeries 

Banks 

Barns 

Billiard  Rooms 

Boiler  Houses 

Bowling  Alleys 

Brick  Dryers 

Cantonment  Buildings 

Car  Shops 

Churches 

Club  Houses 

Coliseums 

Cooperages 

Court  Houses 

Dairy  Buildings 


Dance  Halls 

Factories 

Farm    Buildings 

Feed  Stores 

Foundries 

Galvanizing  Works 

Garages 


Gymnasiums 

Hangars 

Ice  Plants 

Laundries 

Livery  Barns 

Locker  Rooms 

Lodge  Halls 

Monument  Works 

Naval  Station  Buildings 

Offices 

Packing  Houses 

Printing  Shops 

Railroad   Buildings 

Refrigeration  Buildings 

Riding  Academies 

Schools 

Shipbuilding  Plants 

Shooting   Galleries 

Skating  Rinks 


Stables 
Stair  Works 
Storage  Buildings 
Stores 
Studios 
Turner  Halls 
Warehouses 
Preservative   Treatment  of   Timbers 

All  surfaces  of  wooden  girders,  beams  or  joists  entering  walls  and 
surfaces  butting  each  other  or  having  bearing  on  posts  or  caps  should  be 
given  two  (2)  brush  applications  of  hot  refined  creosote. 

If  such  buildings  are  unheated  the  ends  of  all  wooden  columns 


54  APPENDIX 

shall  be  given  two  (2)  brush  applications  of  hot  refined  creosote  and  a 
piece  of  heavy  tarred  felt  shall  be  used  under  the  lower  ends  of  base- 
ment and  first  floor  columns. 

The  top  and  ends  of  the  first  floor  joists,  beams  or  girders  in  un- 
heated  buildings,  shall  be  given  two  (2)  brush  applications  of  hot  re- 
fined creosote. 

Good  Paints 

The  property  owner  should  remember  that  it  is  a  very  good  busi- 
ness proposition  to  keep  buildings  of  all  types  well  painted.  By  so  doing, 
the  value  of  the  property  is  greatly  increased.  Application  of  good 
paint  will  prevent  decay  and  if  occasionally  renewed  will  preserve  wood 
almost  indefinitely.  Striking  illustrations  of  the  truth  of  this  statement 
are  afforded  by  the  condition  of  those  well  painted,  century-old  build- 
ings to  be  found  throughout  the  United  States.  Moreover,  paints  not 
only  decorate  and  preserve  wood,  but  they  make  it  more  resistant  to 
fire.  For  instance,  prepared  paints  contain  80  to  70  per  cent  of  non- 
combustible,  metallic  or  mineral  pigments,  and  may  therefore  be  termed 
fire-resisting. 

SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  DURABLE  WOODEN  SHINGLE 

ROOF 
ROOF  PITCH 

Not  less  than  one-fourth  pitch. 

RAFTERS 

2  x  4s  or  2  x  6s  spaced  not  over  2   feet  on  centers.    Size  and 
spacing  according  to  load ;  braced  and  nailed  solid. 

ROOF  BOARDS 

Good  grades  SIS  strips,   1   x  4  in.  or  random  widths,  not  over  8 
in.  wide,  spaced  2  inches  apart,  nailed  solid,  using  8d  nails. 

SHINGLES 

Best  grade — not  over  5  inches  wide  and  no  less  than  5  shingles 
to  2  inches  in  thickness  measured  at  the  butts. 


APPENDIX 


55 


PREPARING  SHINGLES 

Shingles  should  be  thoroughly  wet  before  laying  if  not  to  be  stained. 
STAINING  SHINGLES 

Shingles  must  be  dry  before  dipping.    Dip  in  stain  to  at  least  8 

inches  from  butt. 

EXPOSURE  OF  SHINGLES 

Sixteen  inch  shingles  one-third  pitch  or  more,  4J/2  inches  to  weather. 
Less  than  one-third  pitch,  4  inches  to  weather. 

SHINGLE  JOINTS 

Break  joints  not  less  than  1 J4  inches.    No  breaks  to  come  directly 
over  each  other  on  any  three  consecutive  courses,  covering  all  nails. 

LAYING  SHINGLES 

Lay  first  course  2-ply  projecting  2   inches  over  crown  mold  and 
1  inch  projection  at  gables. 

NAILS 

3j/2d  or  4d  galvanized  cut  iron  nails.  Two  nails  to  each  shingle. 
WHAT  "J4  PITCH"  MEANS 

Assuming  that  a  roof  slopes  equally  from  the  ridge  toward  either 
plate,  one-fourth  of  the  total  distance  from  outside  of  plate  to  outside 
of  plate  in  the  dimension  for  height  of  ridge  from  top  plate  if  "one- 
fourth  pitch"  is  desired.  This  actually  gives  a  rise  of  six  inches  in  one 
foot  for  the  slope  of  the  roof,  i.  e. : 


Plat, 


*  .  X  .  X 

Diagram  showing  how  to  determine  "J4   pitch" 


X 


56 

INDEX 

Page 

Alley:    definition    of T7 

Anchors:  for  beams 22 

Areas  of  buildings  limited 19 

Areaway :  definition  of 7 

Areaways : 

covering 34 

projection  beyond  building  line 34 

Bakeries:  height  of & 

Basement:  definition  of 7 

Bearing  power  of  soil 13 

Bearing  wall  defined ,8 

Bridging:  cross — for  beams 22 

Buildings :   height  of -8 

Cellar :   defined    •  .8 

Chimneys : 

for  boilers 28 

size  and  construction  of 25 

Columns:  timber,   safe  loads  for 14 

Conflicting  ordinances  repealed 7 

Concrete,    reinforced 16 

Construction:  general  design  of 19 

Corbeling  of  chimneys 27 

Cornices  within  fire  limits 10 

Date  of  effect. 7 

Dead   load  defined 8 

Definitions:  general    7 

Division   wall   defined 8 

Dormer  windows :  covering  of 18 

Drainage 34 

Dry  cleaning  establishments 11 

Dry  rooms: 

material  and  construction  of 45 

windows  in 45 

Dwelling  defined 8 

Effect:  date  of 7 

Elevator  enclosures : 

materials  and  methods  of  construction 31 

doors 31 


INDEX  57 

Page 

height  of  enclosing  walls 32 

when  placed  in  existing  building 32 

Exits  required 39 

Exterior  walls  defined 8 

Fire: 

backs,  construction  of 29 

door  defined    8 

limits 5 

proof  material  defined 8 

resistive  construction 23 

combustible  material  allowed 24 

stopping  between  stair  carriages 38 

for  furred  walls 37 

for  studded  off  spaces -37 

for  stud  wall 36 

of  joists 36 

sliding  door  pockets 38 

walls  defined 8 

walls 13 

window  defined 8 

Floor  lights: 

covered    33 

uncovered  with  railing 33 

Floors :   live  load. 14 

Flues: 

cleaned 30 

lined    ; 25 

Foundation  walls  defined 1  3-8 

Frame  buildings: 

areas  of 20 

construction  restricted 21 

defined    20 

distance  from  lot  line 20 

height  of 20 

Frame  structures: 

when  permitted  within  fire  limits 10 

within  fire  limits,  repaired 11 

Garages     11 

Gutters  within  fire  limits .  .  10 


58  INDEX 

Height  of  buildings :  Page 

defined    8 

limits  of    19 

Hollow  building  block : 

construction  of •  16 

safe  load  on 15 

walls  limited  in  height 15 

Hot  air  pipes: 

distance  from  wood 40 

method  of  placing  in  wood  floors  and  partitions 41 

Incombustible  material  defined 8 

Live  load: 

defined    9 

on  floors    14 

Light  shafts: 

construction   of 31 

height  of 31 

Masonry :  safe  load  on 15 

Mill  construction: 

defined    22 

special  requirements 23 

Motion  picture  booths: 

construction   of    34 

doors 34 

other  openings 34 

ventilation    34 

Ordinary  construction : 

defined    21 

general  requirements 22 

Party  wall  defined 9 

Penalty  for  violations  of  this  ordinance 7. 

Permit : 

application    for    6 

cost  of    6 

when  required 6 

Plumbing  regulations 35 

Prohibited  occupancies 11 

Ranges : 

distance  from  woodwork    42 

foundation  for 44 

gas    44 

metal  hood  above  .                                                                         .  42 


INDEX  59 

Registers:  Page 

construction 43 

hot  air • 40 

restrictions  when  placed  in  combustible  floors  or  partitions ....  42 

Reinforced  concrete: 

inspection     17 

plans  to  be  filed 16 

Repeal  of  conflicting  ordinances 7 

Residence  defined    ? 

Roof: 

covering     14-17 

openings    33 

Roofs: 

repair  of  shingle  roofs 14 

within  fire  limits 10 

Safe  loads  for  timber  columns 14 

Shed  defined ,  .  9 

Shingle  roofs 18 

Sizes  timber 17 

Skeleton  construction 24 

materials    24 

walls,  thickness  of 24 

Skylight   defined 9 

Skylights: 

over  stairway  and  elevator  shafts 33 

protected  by  screen 33 

window  inside  of  shaft 33 

Smoke  pipes: 

distance  from  wood 40 

protection  of  wood 40 

restrictions 40 

Smoke  stacks:  metal    29 

Stairway  enclosures: 

doors  in 32 

exit  doors    33 

height  of  enclosing  walls 32 

materials 31 

method  of  construction   .  31 


width   of   stairs 


Steam  pipes:  protection  of  combustible  material.  /.  .  .  .Y. ' 44 

Story  defined I;.,:  »y, .  .  .  J  ^.^^.^Jl. >.;.'.,.  ,\.  .  .  .      9 

Street  defined    .  :.\^\  .  9 


33 


60  INDEX 

Page 

Structural  timbers  unit  stresses 23 

Structure  defined 9 

Stoves : 

foundation  for 44 

when  on  legs 44 

Timber  sizes 17 

Timbers  structural  unit  stresses 23 

Vent  flues: 

construction  of  concealed  portions 30 

size 30 

Vent  shafts: 

construction  of 31 

height  of 31 

materials 31 

skylight  over 31 

Wall: 

construction 24 

thickness  of  in  skeleton  construction 24 

wall  opening  in  party  or  fire  wall 38 

Walls: 

division 13 

exterior 12 

party 13 

reinforced  concrete 12 

stone 12 

thickness  of 12 

within  fire  limits    10 

Winslow  formula 14 

Wooden  beams: 

bearing    22 

framing  around  chimneys 38 

in  party  or  division  walls 22 

separation  from  masonry  chimneys 38 

supporting  trimmer  arch 38 

thickness  of   .  22 


MEMORANDUM  61 


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